自考信息（英语1复习资料）
第1讲 英语一课程介绍及一单元词汇
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
Successful adj. 成功的
? Behind every successful man there stands a woman.
? 每一个成功男人的背后都有一个女人。
? Were you successful in finding a new house?
? 你找到新房子了吗？
Adult n. 成年
? An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
? 根据英国法律18岁以上为成年人。
? Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free.
? 成年人付门票而儿童则免费。
Adult adj. 成年人，成熟的
? He spent most of his adult life in prison.
? 他成年岁月的一大部分是在狱中度过的。
? Her behaviour is not very adult.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
课文：
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”
Most adults (who are learning a second language) would disagree with this
statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds
of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every
adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people (who
are very intelligent and __ (successful) in their fields) find it difficult to succeed
in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find
it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as
you can in the new language.” “practice speaking the language every day.” “Live
with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate – try to think in the new
language.” “Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
课文：
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research
shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do
not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the
language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns
and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers (who look for clues and form their
own conclusions). When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their
mistakes.
Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners
do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find
people who speak the language and they ask these people __ (correct) them when they
make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat
what they hear or __ (say) strange things; they are willing __ (make) mistakes and try
again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information (that is inexact or
incomplete).
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
课文：It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know
the meaning of every word.
Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to
learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people (who
speak it).
It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these
people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language
regularly because they want to learn with it.
What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language
learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. on
the other hand, if your language learning has been __ (little) than successful, you
might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
Unit 1
Text B How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
重点词语
Successful adj. 成功的
? Behind every successful man there stands a woman.
? 每一个成功男人的背后都有一个女人。
? Were you successful in finding a new house?
? 你找到新房子了吗？
Adult n. 成年
? An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
? 根据英国法律18岁以上为成年人。
? Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free.
? 成年人付门票而儿童则免费。
Adult adj. 成年人，成熟的
? He spent most of his adult life in prison.
? 他成年岁月的一大部分是在狱中度过的。
? Her behaviour is not very adult.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
Text B Language
重点词语
Instance n. 例，实例
? This is only one instance out of many.
? 这只是众多实例之一。
? Let me give you some instances.
? 让我给你举些例子。
Travel(l)er n. 旅客，旅行者
? These travellers have booked their hotel rooms.
? 这些旅客已经订好了房间。
? The train travellers arrived before the travellers on the bus.
? 坐火车来的比坐汽车来的旅客到得早。
Exact adj. 精确的，正确的
? The exact time of the accident was 2.43 pm.
? 事故发生的准确时间是下午2点43分。
? We arrived at the exact moment that they were leaving.
? 他们刚走我们就到了。
Consist v. 组成（of）
? The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
? 全队由四个欧洲人和两个美国人组成。
? It’s simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.
? 这份饭准备起来很简单，主要是米饭和蔬菜。
Simply adv. 仅，只不过；完全地
? I don’t like my job — I simply do it for the money.
? 我不喜欢我的工作，我做它只是为了钱。
? I simply don’t know what happened.
? 我完全不知道发生了什么。
Not only …but also
conj. 不但…而且
? If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole
organization.
? 要是这个项目失败了，这将不仅影响到我们部门，还会影响到整个单位。
? This washing machine was not only expensive but also unreliable.
? 这台洗衣机不仅贵而且性能不稳定。
Neither … nor
conj.既不…也不
? My doctor told me I should neither smoke nor drink.
? 医生建议我既不要吸烟也不要喝酒。
? She neither knows nor cares what has happened to her ex-husband.
? 她不知道也不关心她的前夫发生了什么。
Text B Language
When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help
of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our head up and
down when we want to say “yes” and we move our heads from side to side when we want
to “no”. people who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk
to each other with the help of their fingers. people who do not understand each other’
s language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.
An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. one day he
entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came , the Englishman
opened his mouth, put his fingers in it , took them out again and moved his lips. In
this way he meant to say ,
“Bring me something to eat.” The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The
Englishman shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The
waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn’t food , of course.
He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man
saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough : in a few minutes
there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him .
As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of
words is much more exact.
Words consist of sounds , but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are
not words. For example , we may say “Sh-sh-sh” when we mean “keep silent.” When
babies laugh , we know they are happy , and when they cry , we know they are ill or
simply want something .
It is the same with animal . When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says “F-f-f” we
know they are angry.
But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together
into sentences. But animals can not do this : a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means “I
am angry ,” but he cannot say man ; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what
they mean . We may say that a parrot talks , but cannot say that it really speaks ,
because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows . only man has the power
to do this.
单元自测
1. Word Spelling
将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个词的词类和第一个字母以及用短线表示的其余字母数，
已给出。
1. 语言 n. l_ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. 成年人 n. a_ _ _ _
3. 声明，陈述 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. 保证 v. g_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. 成功 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _
6. 建议 n. a_ _ _ _ _
7. 研究 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8. 相似的 a. s_ _ _ _ _ _
9. 独立的 a. i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. 解释 v. e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11. 线索 n. c_ _ _
12. 结论 n. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13. 交流 v. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14. 信息 n. i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15. 目的 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _
16. 男服务员 n. w_ _ _ _ _ _
17. 鹦鹉 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18. 原始的 a. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19. 饭店 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20. 啤酒 n. b_ _ _ _
答案：
1. 语言 n. language
2. 成年人 n. adult
3. 声明，陈述 n. statement
4. 保证 v. guarantee
5. 成功 n. success
6. 建议 n. advice
7. 研究 n. research
8. 相似的 a. similar
9. 独立的 a. independent
10. 解释 v. explain
11. 线索 n. clue
12. 结论 n. conclusion
13. 交流 v. communicate
14. 信息 n. information
15. 目的 n. purpose
16. 男服务员 n. waiter
17. 鹦鹉 n. parrot
18. 原始的 a. primitive
19. 饭店 n. restaurant
20. 啤酒 n. beer
II. Word Form
请给出下列动词的过去时，现在分词和过去分词形式。
1. Is 2. do 3. study 4. find
5. succeed 6. know 7. read 8. show
9. try 10. speak 11. hear 12. say
13. make 14. think 15. have 16. bring
请给出下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式
17. easy 18. difficult 19. much 20. new
答案：
1. is was→being→been
2. do did→doing→done
3. study studied→studying→studied
4. find found→finding→found
5. succeed succeeded→ succeeding→ succeeded
6. know knew→ knowing→ known
7. read read→ reading→ read
8. show showed→showing→ shown/ showed
9. try tried→ trying→ tried
10. speak spoke→ speaking→ spoken
11. hear heard→ hearing→ heard
12. say said→ saying→ said
13. make made→ making→ made
14. think thought→ thinking→ thought
15. have had→ having→ had
16. bring brought→ bringing→ brought
17. easy easier→ easiest
18. difficult more difficult→ most difficult
19. much more→ most
20. new newer→ newest
III. Vocabulary and Structure
从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
1. Even hundreds of hours of study and practice will not ________ success for every
adult language learner.
[A] practice offer
[C] guarantee [D] communicate
2. They want to learn the language because the ________ the language and the people
who speak it.
[A] are interested in are different from
[C] succeed in [D] offer advice to
3. Most adults would disagree with the ________ that learning a language is easy.
[A] language guesser
[C] statement [D] guarantee
4. Can a (n) ________ learn a language in the same way as a child does?
[A] student guesser
[C] teacher [D] adult
5. Successful language learners are ________ learners.
[A] inexact independent
[C] incomplete [D] interesting
6. ________, you need to discovery your own way to learn the language.
[A] of all First of all
[C] The first [D] of all the first
7. Successful language learners do not ________ the book or the teacher.
[A] depend on play with
[C] live with [D] look for
8. It is necessary for people to learn a language in order to ________ with the
people who speak it and to learn from them.
[A] disagree communicate
[C] practice [D] say
9. If your language learning has been less than successful, you might try some of
the ________ that successful language learners commonly use.
[A] techniques purposes
[C] patterns [D] clues
10. Successful language learners ________ make mistakes and try again.
[A] wait for a chance to are willing to
[C] are afraid to [D] find it difficult to
答案：
1. 1. Even hundreds of hours of study and practice will not ____C____ success for
every adult language learner.
[A] practice offer
[C] guarantee [D] communicate
2. They want to learn the language because the ____A____ the language and the
people who speak it.
[A] are interested in are different from
[C] succeed in [D] offer advice to
3. Most adults would disagree with the ____C____ that learning a language is easy.
[A] language guesser
[C] statement [D] guarantee
4. Can a (n) ____D____ learn a language in the same way as a child does?
[A] student guesser
[C] teacher [D] adult
5. Successful language learners are ____B____ learners.
[A] inexact independent
[C] incomplete [D] interesting
6. ____B____, you need to discovery your own way to learn the language.
[A] of all First of all
[C] The first [D] of all the first
7. Successful language learners do not ____A____ the book or the teacher.
[A] depend on play with
[C] live with [D] look for
8. It is necessary for people to learn a language in order to ____B____ with the
people who speak it and to learn from them.
[A] disagree communicate
[C] practice [D] say
9. If your language learning has been less than successful, you might try some of
the ____A____ that successful language learners commonly use.
[A] techniques purposes
[C] patterns [D] clues
10. Successful language learners ____B____ make mistakes and try again.
[A] wait for a chance to are willing to
[C] are afraid to [D] find it difficult to
IV. Translate the following sentences into English
将下列各句译成英语。
1. 语言学习和其他种类的学习有所不同。
2. 他们不依赖书本或老师。
3. 我们学习英语是因为我们对英语感兴趣。
4. 为了与他们交流并向他们学习，我们有必要学习这门语言。
5. 你是哪种语言学习者呢？
答案：
1. 语言学习和其他种类的学习有所不同。
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
2. 他们不依赖书本或老师。
They do not depend on the book or the teacher.
3. 我们学习英语是因为我们对英语感兴趣。
We want to learn English because we are interested in it.
4. 为了与他们交流并向他们学习，我们有必要学习这门语言。
It is necessary for us to learn the language in order to communicate with them and
to learn from them.
5. 你是哪种语言学习者呢？
What kind of language learner are you?
补充练习
I. Fill in the blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.
different successful disagree similar independent communicate
incomplete outline inexact regularly
1. people need to _______ with each other for ever.
2. He didn’t want to _______ on his parents, so he made a living by selling
newspapers.
3. “please tell the ______ answer to this question.” The teacher asked with a
smile.
4. I _______ with if you have made up your mind to do that.
5. My wife and I have ________ tastes in music.
6. He ______ from his brother in learning a language.
7. He put down his ______ composition and went out to play football.
8. He is a man with ________ habits.
9. Before writing a composition, he wrote down an ______ at first.
10. He passed the entrance examination _______.
II. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the under lined word.
1. I give my guarantee that he will be here tomorrow.
A. assurance B. words C. saying D. idea
2. He is willing to make mistakes and try again.
A. prefer B. like C. would like to D. enjoy
3. His father disagree with him.
A. converse B. is against C. against D. conversely
4. He is interested in English.
A. is like B. is fond of C. is love D. excited
5. We can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.
A. not…but B. neither…nor… C. both…and D. or…or…
III. Choose the best answer.
1. Language ______ words which we put together into sentences.
A. inclucling B. consist in C. consists of D. is consisted of
2. one day an Englishman entered a restaurant and sat down ______ a table.
A. beside B. besides C. at D. by
3. _______ this way he meant to say “Bring me something to eat”.
A. by B. on C. to D. in
4. He not only likes pop music but also ______classical music.
A. like B. liked C. liking D. likes
5. people _______ do not understand each other’s language have to do the same.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
6. Neither John nor his parents ______ football fan.
A. is B. are C. being D. am
7. You ______ finish the job, now that we have got so far with it.
A. might well B. might do well C. might well to D. might do well to
8. You have ______ opportunities to speak English.
A. thousand of B. three thousand of C. thousands of D. thousands
9. He is used to ______ the language.
A. play B. played C. playing with D. play with
10. My sister ______ English every day.
A. practise to speak B. practise speaking C. practises to speak D.
practises speaking
11. He ______ the work independently these years.
A. do B. does C. has done D. has been doing
12. This is ______ you need.
A. what B. that C. this D. whether
13. It is necessary ______ him ______ learn English in order to go abroad.
A. to…to… B. to…for… C. for…to… D. in…to
14. Successful language learners are learners ______ are learners ______ a purpose.
A. on B. in C. to D. with
15. The teachers find it ______ to be a good teacher.
A. is difficult B. difficult C. difficulty D. being difficult
16. Some people think language learning is very difficult _______, some people think
it is very easy.
A. At once B. Converse C. Conversely D. Then
17. Today he is ______ his new black coat.
A. on B. in C. with D. at
18. It is important for me to try to think _________ English.
A. with B. of C. over D. in
19. They are ______ workers.
A. woman B. women C. woman’s D. women’s
20. First of all, China is a ________ country.
A. develop B. developed C. developing D. in developing
21. I should advise you ______ miss the chance.
A. to B. don’t to C. shouldn’t to D. not to
22. The girl ______ the violion is my sister.
A. is playing B. who playing C. playing D. who is played
23. She sat there ______ nothing.
A. doing B. done C. is doing D. do
24. It _____ for a whole month.
A. is raining B. raining C. has raining D. has been raining
25. A man from the South ______ feel that Beijing is very dry.
A. will B. shall C. would D. may
名词：noun----N
冠词: article
代词: pronun---pron
数词: numeral---Num
形容词:adjective----Adj
副词: adverb----Adv
动词: verb---V
介词: preposition--- prep
连词: conjunction---Conj
感叹词: interjection---Inter
I me my mine
you you your yours
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its its
we us our ours
they them their theirs
my water= mine
her apples = hers
one two
first second
heavy heavier heaviest
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
big bigger biggest
ill worse worst
good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
few fewer fewest
many more most
much more most
old older oldest
elder eldest
The more……the more
The more…… the better.
The more haste, the less speed.
动词：
Be is am are was were seem look smell feel sound
Can may must need will would shall should ought to dare
Do does did will have has had
Vi : look at \up \into\around\after\over\on
Unit 2
Text A
Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
income tax
stamp tax
tax-cuts
tax-free\ duty-free
见课文单词。
LESSoN TWo
TEXT A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
Americans often say that there are only two things (a person can be sure of in life):
death and taxes. Americans do not have a corner on the death market, but many people
feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.
Taxes consist of the money (which people pay to support their government). There
are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and
city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.
Salaried people (who earn more than a few thousand dollars) must pay a certain
percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from
person to person . It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated
income tax,( that is), the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a
persons income increases. (With the high cost of taxes,) people are not very happy on
April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota,
or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that
of the federal government. of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. other
states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item (which you buy in
that state). For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for
twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the
cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some
states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax
laws are diverse and confusing.
The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people
who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a
city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public
works and municipal buildings.
LESSoN TWo
TEXT A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
（续）
Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one
day each week just to pay their taxes. people always complain about taxes. They often
protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it
spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different
views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: Taxes are too high.
TEXT B
单词见课本
TEXT B Advertising
Advertising is only part of the total sales effort , but it is the part (that
attracts the most attention ). This is natural enough because advertising is designed
for just that purpose . In newspapers , in magazines , in the mail , on radio and
television , we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products
and services. For the most part , they are the kinds of things (that we can be
persuaded to buy ---- food and drinks, cars and television sets , furniture and
clothing, travel and leisure time activities ).
The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry
a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of
them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long . It is really a notice or
announcement( that something is available.)
Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores
or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a
limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many (who want to put out
their ads )use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were
developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short
messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch
the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan, which the
public identifies with the product.
The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and
music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.
Television ads are short ----usually only 15, 30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated
over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times . Commercial
television has mixed entertainment and advertising . If you want the entertainment ,
you have to put up with the advertising-----and millions of people want the
entertainment .
The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s
advertising. They must decide on the audience (they want to reach). They must also
decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also
make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large
companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.
课后练习题
I．根据句子的意思将括号中的词变成适当的形式。
1. The woman who ______ (speak) in the meeting was Mrs Jones.
2. It ______ (rain) hard when we let yesterday.
3. It is a week since he ______ (come back).
4. I didn’t go to the film, I ______(see) it.
5. The book is not so difficult as I ______(expect).
6. English ______(speak) all over the world.
7. She said the party ______ (postpone) till next Friday.
8. She ______ (be) in bed for three days.
9. He is not the man we ______(look for).
10. Ane asked Green where he ______(leave) the key.
II．根据句子的意思选择正确答案。
1. Health ______ good food, fresh air and enough sleep.
A. rely B. depend C. depends on D. consist of
2. How much do you ______ for a haircut?
A. charge with B. charge C. charge by D. charge in
3. He ______ get angry when people disagree with him.
A. insist to B. insist on C. tend D. tends to
4. The cities use these ______ for education, police and fire departments, public
works and municipal buildings.
A. money B. fund C. salary D. funds
5. The United States ______ the world ______ the worst taxes.
A. lead…with B. lead…by C. leads…in D. leads…with
6. I gave thirty ______ of my salary to my mother.
A. percent B. percents C. percentage D. percentages
7. ______ the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the
federal taxes are due.
A. on B. under C. with D. by
8. My skirt looks similar ______ yours.
A. with B. to C. about D. in
9. Some states use income tax ______ to sales tax to raise their revenues.
A. in addition B. additional C. in addition that D. in addition with
10. They say that it spends too much on useless and ______ programs.
A. practical B. unpractical C. impractical D. practice
11. They tend to ______ one subject taxes are too high.
A. agree B. agree with C. agree on D. agree to
12. please find out which is wrong. ________
A. public works B. LuXHum’s works C. ivon and steel works D. power works
13. I am surprised to see the ______ things.
A. confuse B. confused C. confusing D. confusion
14. He spends too much time ______ television everyday.
A. in B. on C. to D. at
15. The public identifies the slogan ______ the product.
A. to B. in C. with D. about
16. The most important purpose is no _______ the eye.
A. pull B. drag C. push D. catch
17. You have to ______ the hot weather in summer.
A. bears B. puts up with C. endures D. put up with
18. They must ______ the audience they want to reach.
A. determine on B. decide on C. determine to D. decide to
19. The group has ______ six people.
A. no more than B. not more than C. no more with D. no longer with
20. There is ________ one China and Taiwan is part of China.
A. however B. yet C. of D. but
21. My father saw him ______ the money.
A. steal B. steals C. stealed D. is stealing
22. Mr. Smith ______ me his car.
A. borrow B. borrowed C. lend D. lent
23. I warmed him ______ late.
A. is B. be C. to D. not to be
24. How _______ in such a short time?
A. all this can be done B. all can this be done
C. can all this be done D. this all can be done
25. Thinking of the coming summer holidays, the boys were ______ to sit still
anymore.
A. so excited B. so exciting C. too exciting D. too excited
26. I am sorry I have kept you ______ for many hours.
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waited
27. His job was ______ pigs and chicken.
A. rising B. raising C. rose D. raised
28. Because of the had weather our trip will have to be put ______.
A. in B. off C. by D. away
29. ______ she was a grandmother, she looked very young.
A. Besides B. Although C. In spite D. Because
30. The sudden change of weather resulted ______ the death of many young animals.
A. from B. in C. to D. on
Earn money Technology Make an intelligent decision Disagree;independent;incomplete;inexact;uncover; Waitress for =for example Travel trip journey voyage Bon voyage ! I was doing my homework while my mum was cooking. Well-educated ; well-organized ; Well-cultivated Conj. prep. Num. n. v. a. ad. Ad. Conj. Conj. pron. Ad. A. v. a. pron. prep. Inter. v. v.
keep from ; stop from ; block from;
prevent from
be willing to do/be unwilling to do
water at 100 degrees.
A: boiling B:boiled
C: boils D:is boiled
E: is boiling
Kilometer kilogram=kg
She is so beautiful that she is dismissed.
She is too beautiful to go to school.
You are too young to smoke.
You are so young that you can’t smoke.
Fall into fall in love
They fell in love at the first sight.
Bay gulf Gulf war
Supply sb. With sth.
provide sb.with sth.
offer sb. With sth.
She sells seashell on the seashore.
Road path: street: way: motorway:
Highway: freeway\expressway
EMS=Express mail service
Sidewalk : pavement
Shortcut
My mum will come to bj in 3 days.
My mum will come to bj within 3 days.
plane airplane aeroplane
Helicopter
Go fishing go shopping go golfing
Continue to do sth.
Artistic art artist
No more than = only = merely
Reflection
Comfort---comfortable---comfortably---uncomfortably---uncomfortable
Lunar lunar new year = spring festival
Sun---solar---solar system---solar power---solar energy
on this occasion
Execpt Besides
Except me, there were 6 people went to the cinema.
Beside me, there were 6 people went to the cinema.
Remember
Lit up
once a month twice a month
Three times a month
one third two thirds three fifths one second one half
Four and two fifths
Neighborhood childhood motherhood
psychology---psychologist---psychological---psychiatrist
Birdflu
Associate with
Meaningless
In random order----in good order
Well-organized
Needless to say----hard to say
Follow---follow me
Remember memorize
Recall keep in mind
Imagine doing
Mental----physical
The number of our class is 25.
A number of students are party members.
Numbers of books have been stolen.
Information that birdflu will be widespeaded is not true.
Information that he gave us is not true.
This type of machine.
This kind\sort of machine.
Typewriter ------typist
Those using imagery=those who are using imagery
Compare A with B
Compare to
poets always compare sleep to death.
Unit 4 Text B Short-term Memory
There are two kinds of memory : short-term and long-term .Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time (when it is needed) . The information may be kept for days or weeks . Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember . Students taking exams often have this experience .
psychiatrist
human rights
device/equipment/facility
mouse mice
set free
representative
advantage/ disadvant
keep record/break record
loud-speaker
awake/afraid/asleep/aloud
way/means/approach
social security system
education system
compare with
compare to
look after/ look up/ look into/ look at/ look over/ look on—looker on/ look around/look down upon
turn on/ off / up //down
begin to do sth. Begin doing
start to do sth.—start doing
please remember to turn off the light.
I remembered seeing you somewhere
Don’t forget to bring you book next time.
I forgot borrowing your money
Don’t forget to bring your money
I like swimming.
I like to swim now.
I hate smoking.
I hate to smoke now.
Regret to do/ regret doing
Late—later—latest—latter
He is a good worker with much experience.
I had two unforgettable experiences last summer.
In contrast , information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds , usually
by repeating the information over and over . For example , you look up a number in the
telephone book , and before you dial , you repeat the number over and over . If someone
interrupts you , you will probably forget the number . In laboratory studies , subjects
are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds (if they are not allowed to
repeat the letters to themselves) .
psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The
two experiments here show (how short-term memory has been studied .)
Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats . He used a special apparatus (which
had a cage for the rat and three doors) . There was a light in each door . First the
rat was placed in the closed cage . Next , one of the lights was turned on and then off
. There was food for the rat only at this door . After the light was turned off , the
rat had to wait a short time (before it was released from its cage)h . Then , if it
went to the correct door , it was rewarded with the food (that was there ). Hunter did
this experiment many times . He always turned on the lights in a random order . The rat
had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage . Hunter found
(that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds , it could not remember then correct
door ). Hunter’s results show (that rats have a short-term memory of about ten
seconds).
Later , Dr. Henning studied (how students who are learning English as a second
language remember vocabulary ). The subjects in bhis experiment were 75 students at the
University of California in Los Angeles . They represented all levels of ability in
English : beginning , intermediate , advanced , and native-speaking students.
To begin , the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a
paragraph in English . Following the recording , the subjects took a 15-question )Each
question had four choices . The subjects had to circle the word (they had heard in the
recording .) Some of the questions had four choices (that sound alike .) For example ,
weather , whether , wither , and wetter are four words (that sound alike .) Some of the
questions had four choices (that have the same meaning .) Method , way , manner , and
system would be four words with the same meaning . Some of them had four unrelated
choices . For instance , weather , method , love , and result could be used as four
unrelated words . Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test .
He was rewarded with 5000 yuan for his bravery.
I hate the eight-year old boy, for he is too naughty.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
课文：
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”
Most adults (who are learning a second language) would disagree with this
statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds
of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every
adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people (who
are very intelligent and __ (successful) in their fields) find it difficult to succeed
in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find
it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as
you can in the new language.” “practice speaking the language every day.” “Live
with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate – try to think in the new
language.” “Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
Henning found (that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their
mistakes on words that sound alike ; students with a higher proficiency made more of
their mistakes on words that have the same meaning .) Henning’s results suggest (that
beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory , while advanced
students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.
Make a choice
He suggested that I give up smoking.
His suggestion that I give up smoking was impossible.
Quantity—quality
primitive tribe
Brave
Civilized—civilization—civilize
Coke garlic—spring onion
Foreign friends/language
Abroad—go abroad
Go to foreign countries
Flesh/fat
Chewing gum
Helpless
Digestion/digest
Lemonade
Groundwork/base
Alkali
Butter
Combine with
Chief editor
Editor-in-chief mainly
Container
In fact
Regard as
Look as
The boss made me work 16 hours.
I was made to word 16 hours a day.
Married
Separate
Divorce
Supply sb. With sth.
provide sb. With sth.
offer sb. With sth.
LESSoN FIVE
TEXT A Fallacies about Food
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating
an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
They thought, (for example,) that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would
make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as
strong and brave as their enemies.
Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power
could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also
were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to
make people who ate them fall in love.
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up -- the idea that they were
poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they
could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas
during World War II.
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very
widespread.
one such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just
as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to
prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food
down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with
meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and
helps to digest the food.
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with
mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk
should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the
orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.
As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles
it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea
is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.
Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates
should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a
carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In
the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and
carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes
together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
Think of/ about/over
pest killer
Make fun of sb.
Be engaged in sth.
I am engaged in learning computer.---engagement
Calm/serious
Fog—foggy
Tomb
Stick to—transparent
Sticky tape
Muddy
Batman
Hardly
Hardly did I know their names.
Fashionable
old fashioned
out of fashion
Up-to-date out-of-date
Vary—various—variety
Boots
Intelligence—intelligent
Wise—wisdom
Be busy doing
Can’t help from doing
Find
Take good care of
Look after
As they are hardworking, hardworking as they are
Their thought must be very busy while they are engaged in these sports.
LESSoN FIVE TEXT B
Do Animals Think?
The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them
think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to
be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.
Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is true with some
insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races;
they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their
thoughts while (they are)engaged in these sports.
There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of
the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to
be very grave. The same is true of(prep.) the owl, who always looks as if he were
considering some important question.
Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searches for what it can use
in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build
their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in
arranging them, and in plastering them together with mud. Some spiders build houses
which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.
As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. The parrot learns to
talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to
imitate a great many different shounds. The horse is not long in learning many things
connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much
about most things as some other dogs, and yet he understands very well how to take care
of sheep.
Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their
ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest,
and it is always the same way. And so (it is true)of other animals. They have no new
fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new
ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.
Many of the things that animals know how to do(object.) they(subject.) seem to
know(v.) either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are
said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell what instinct is. It is by this
instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dams and huts. If these things
were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses, there would be some
changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.
I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a
young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where
there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his
building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets,
boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam.
Now,(语气词) if he had had his wits about(around) him, he would have known that there
was no use in building a dam where there was no water.
It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their senses as we do, they
do not think nearly as much about what they learn, and this is the reason why they do
not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not
think very much about what they see and hear. Nor
is this all. There are some things that we understand, but about which animals know
nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own
observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference
between right and wrong.
Engaged in these sports.
In this respect/aspect/
physical labor—blue collar
Mental labor—white collar
It is said/reported/believed/well-known/estimated
I got a bad cold yesterday
It is me who got a bad cold yesterday.
It is a bad cold that I got yesterday.
It is yesterday that I got a bad cold.
Clear, obviously
So am i. Now am I
Neither am i.
I like jazz. So does my brother.
I don’t I like smoking.
Nor does my brother.
neirther
LESSoN SIX TEXT B
The Difference Between plants And Animals
If you were asked, What is the difference between a plant and an animal? what
answer do you think you would give? Your first thought might be that a plant has leaves
and roots and flowers, which an animal has not. Yet that would not be correct; for
there are many plants which have neither roots nor leaves nor flowers, while there are
some animals which seem to have all three.
Look up into the sky, and then down at the earth beneath your feet. It is easy
enough, you think, to tell which is earth and which is sky; but if you live in the
wide, open country, or near the sea, you will often find when you look far away to the
place where sky and earth seem to meet, that this is a matter of some difficulty. You
see only the thin blue haze, like smoke, which is the dividing line between the heavens
and the earth. But just where the one ends and the other begins, you cannot tell.
Just so it is throughout all the world of Nature. You may look at a group of cows
standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and
you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.
But suppose you turn aside from these familiar, everyday things, and study objects
which you have to look at through a magnifying glass, and you will find many things
that will puzzle you. You will find plants without roots, leaves, flowers, or seeds;
and you will find animals without heads, legs, eyes, mouths, or stomachs.
Foggy\sunny\rainy\snowy\windy
Set aside\to turn aside from
Confuse---confused---confusing
puzzle----puzzling----puzzled
Melon-seeds
observe---observer---observation
Watch
Latter
Dweller
Narrow-------wide
Taste delicious
The ice-cream tastes delicious.
The idea sounds good.
Close---open
Shut up
Suck in
Be dissatisfied with
Happen occur
This animal lives on grass.
Take over----hand over
of\among
Tell a from b \ distinguish
Tell a story
Tell a lie
Heaven and hell.
If I were you , I would go abroad.
Students(researcher/scholar) of Nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they
observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object; and they see many
things which most people would fail to see. And thus they have found that the real
difference between plants and animals lies in what they do, and not in what they seem
to be.
We now know that about one fourth of all the kinds of seaweed are animals. A few
years ago all of them were classed as plants. It was long supposed that the main
difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the
latter could not. But this difference will not hold good.(established)
How then are we to know whether a living object is a plant or an animal? plants
can live on inorganic matter; they have the power of changing earth and air and water
into substances which enter into and become a part of themselves. Animals can live only
on what plants have already turned from inorganic to vegetable matter. Animals,
although they need some inorganic food, cannot live on it alone.
All the food that keeps our bodies strong, or makes them grow, was once in the
vegetable form. No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth,
if the plants had not come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order
of beings.
plants are the true fairies that are forever working wonders around us. Their
roots dig down into the earth and gather its treasures. Their leaves spread their broad
surfaces to the air and take in its riches; and out of what they have thus gathered
they produce the beautiful flowers, the delicious fruits, and the golden grain.
That arn computer well is important.
That we learn computer well is important.
I like the computer that my mum bought me on my birthday.
Three fourths
one third----two thirds
Human beings
I had learned 5000 words by the end of last year.
The plane had already taken off when I got to the airport.
Let us study more closely the way in which a plant grows. The root pushes itself down
into the earth. If it finds no water, it soon dies. If it finds water, it begins to
suck it up and change it into sap. Besides the water, it takes up such parts of the
soil as are dissolved in the water.
Here, then, you see in what ways the food of the plant is different from that of
animals.
No wonder you are late for it is so foggy today.
I wonder who will be the next president of the US.
Definite\indefinite
Marry to -----marry sb.
Marriage----get married
Grandfather----great grandfather
Forefather
Relation
Tradition
Basic---base---on the base of
Nuclear weapon\power
Extend ---- extension ----extended
Industry
post-war\post-graduated
Earn money\make money
Society---social---sociable
Like---be fond of ----care for----keen on
LESSoN SEVEN
TEXT A
Families
Family -- the word has different meanings for different people, and even the
dictionary gives us several definitions: a group of people related by blood or
marriage, two adults and their children, all those people descended from a common
ancestor, a household, and so on. Some people think of a family as a mother, a father,
and their children; others include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. For some
of us, family means the group of relatives living far away from home. For others,
having a family(gerund used for subject) simply means having children.(gerund used for
object) Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their
ancestors. No matter if (whether复合连接词) it is young or old, large or small,
traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. It is that feeling
of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and
sharing.
There are basically two types of families: nuclear families and extended
families. The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and father) and
their children. The mother and father form the nucleus, or center, of the nuclear
family. The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry. Then they
form new nuclear families.
The extended family is very large. There are often many nuclear families in one
extended family. An extended family includes children, parents, grand-parents, uncles,
aunts, and cousins. The members of an extended family are related by blood
(grandparents, parents, children, brothers, sisters, etc.) or by marriage (husbands,
wives, mothers-in-law, etc.). They are all related, so the members of an extended
family are called relatives. @
Regard as
No matter what= whatever
No matter how = however
No matter where = wherever
No matter when = whenever
Whatever do you want?
I will wait for you no matter where you are.
Be composed of ----make up of
Not ----until
I did not get up until 8.
Football is played by all over the world.
English is spoken by all the people.
I was bitten by a dog yesterday.
The book will be translated into 3 languages.
The book has been translated into 3 languages.
The book had been translated into 3 languages by the end of 1998.
The book can be translated into 3 languages.
The new subway is being built now.
Traditionally,(状语，修饰全句) all the members of an extended family lived in the
same area. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many
nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to(so as to ) find work. In
industrial societies today, the members of most nuclear families live together, but
most extended families do not live together. Therefore we can say that the nuclear
family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.
In post-industrial societies like the United States, even the nuclear family is
changing. The nuclear family is becoming smaller as(because) parents want fewer
children, and the number of childless families is increasing. Traditionally, the father
of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house
and the children. Today, more than 50% of the nuclear families in the United States are
two-earner families -- both the father and the mother earn money for the family -- and
in a few families the mother earns the money while the father takes care of the house
and the children. Many nuclear families are also splitting up -- more and more parents
are getting divorced.
What will be the result of this splitting of the nuclear family? Social scientists
now talk of two new family forms: the single parent family and the remarried family.
Almost 20% of all American families are single parent families, and in 85% of these
families the single find it difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon
marry again and form remarried families. As social scientists study these two new
family forms, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family
in the post-industrial age.
Sibling
DINK= double income and no kids
Who will in charge of your class ?
That is, or
I will take the umbrella if it rains.
As soon as he comes , he will tell me the truth.
Generate-----generation gap
part
He plays an important role in our class.
physical exercises\examination
Labor--------mental
emotionless
provide sb. With sth.= provide sth. For sb.
Supply --- offer
prepare
Main--- key----essential
predict
prefix
depend on\upon------dependence
independent from------independence
give up smoking-----give it up
we went to the Summer palace instead of going to the zoo.
He is busy preparing for his exam.
Be busy with doing
Can’t help(from) doing
I couldn’t help crying when I read the story.
LESSoN SEVEN (B)
The Changing American Family
The family is important to people all over the world although the structure of
the family is quite different from one country to another. In the United States, as in
many countries in the world, the family is changing. A generation or two ago, the
traditional family, in which the father was boss, was customary. Now, the modern
family, in which both the father and the mother are equal partners, is more common.
Although there are several similarities between the traditional and the modern family,
there are also some very important differences.
The traditional family of yesterday and the modern family of today have several
similarities. The traditional family was a nuclear family, and the modern family is,
too. The role of the father in the traditional family was to provide for his family.
Similarly, the father in the modern family is expected to do so, also. The mother in
the traditional family took care of the childrens physical and emotional needs just as
the modern mother does.
on the other hand, there are some great differences between the traditional
family and the modern family. The first important difference is in the mans role. The
traditional husband was the head of the household, because he was the only one who
worked outside the home. If the wife worked for pay, then the husband was not
considered to be a good provider. In many families today, both husband and wife work
for pay. Therefore, they share the role of head of household. In addition, the
traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the
modern husband shares these decisions with his working wife. Also, the traditional
husband did not help his wife with the housework or meal preparation. Dinner was ready
when he came home. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He
may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual for him to cook.
The second difference is in the womans role. In the traditional family, the
woman may have worked for pay during her first years of marriage. However, after she
became pregnant, she would usually give up her job. Her primary role was to take care
of her family and home. In contrast, in many families today, the modern woman works
outside the home even after she has children . Shes doing two jobs instead of one, so
she is busier than the traditional mother was. The traditional wife learned to live
within her husbands income. on the other hand, the modern wife does not have to (live
within her husband’s income) because the family has two incomes.
The final difference is in the role of the children. In the traditional family,
the children were taken care of by the mother because she did not work outside the
home. However, today preschool children may go to a child care center or to a
baby-sitter regularly because the mother works. The school-age children of a
traditional family were more dependent. Their mother was there to help them to get
ready for school and to make their breakfast. In contrast, modern children are more
independent. They have to get up early in the morning and get ready for school. Their
mother is busy getting ready for work, so they may even have to make their own
breakfast.
In conclusion, t of tod he American family ay is different from the family of
fifty years ago. In the modern family, the roles of the father, mother, and children
have changed as(because) more and more women work outside the home. The next century
may bring more important changes to the American family structure. It should be
interesting to see.
I am a sailor, and he is a sailor, too.
I am not psychiatrist and he is not, either.
To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
Children’s Day.
Women’s Day.
Teachers’ Day.
Let’s share the apple.
The room is shared by 4 girls.
Share-holder
I will help you with learning English.
Live within one’s income
Less and less
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
动词时态
动词的时态
备考要点：英语中常用的时态有12种。在英语（一）考试的词形填空题中，经常被测试的动词时态
有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时，且题目中一
般都有明显的时间暗示。
特别提示：
1）特殊记忆一些不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。
2）特殊记忆一些暗示一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时等时态的时间状语。具体
如下：
1.一般现在时
1) 一般现在时常与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, once a week等时间状语连用
。
2) 一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理。
3）第三人称单数作主语时，动词后要加-s
标志词：often, always, usually, every day, once a week
He takes a walk after supper every day.
How often do you wash your hair?
Sometimes information in the long-term memory is___ (be) hard to remember．(4B 2000 上
)
2.一般过去时
标志词：yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 1987
He lived in London when he was young.
In the l600’s，travelers from Europe_brought__ (bring) back diamonds from India．(6A
2000 上 )
3.一般将来时
Will (shall) + 动词原形
Am (is, are) going to +动词原形
Am (is, are) about to +动词原形
Am (is, are) to +动词原形
We’ll have to be careful in doing business with them.
4.现在进行时
Am (is, are) + doing
What are you doing?
I’m doing some washing.
5.现在完成时
1)现在完成时不能使用明确表示过去时间的状语，例如：yesterday, last week, in 1993等。
2)现在完成时可以和already, never, ever, not…yet等副词连用。@
3)现在完成时常和since引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的表一段时间的短语连用。
Have (has) + 过去分词
I haven’t seen her since 1991.
Have been sitting
Has’t paid
Had seen
Was making
Has been working
Am preparing
Has happened
The earth goes around the sun.
Water boils at 100 degrees.
He does’t take a walk after supper every day.
Does he take a walk after supper every day?
I am a teacher.
I am not a teacher.
Are you a teacher?
What’s your father?
What does your father do?
Be from com from
Where is your sister from?
Where does your sister come from?
It rains every Wednesday.
He goes to school by taxi every day.
How does he go to school every day.
What did you do 3 years ago?
Just now a moment ago
I received a gift just now.
He was a policeman a years ago.
Was were
Did
Say—said
Learn—learned/learnt
Read—read
Look—looked
Listen—listened
Speak—spoke
We will finish the course 3 weeks later.---in 3 weeks.
My mum will come to see me in 3 days.
My mum will come to see me within 3 days.
Will not=won’t
I won’t smoke.
I am having English class.
Look, they are playing the football.
Is your brother watching TV?
I am coming.
Go, come, arrive, leave, setoff,
She is leaving for HongKong.
I have had/kept the book for 3 weeks.
I have already learned 3000 words.
Have you ever been to SH?
I have never been there?
6.将来完成时
Will have +过去分词
By the time you are back this evening, I’ll have done all the work.
By the time we get to their house, they will have finished____(finish) supper. (2003上)
7.过去完成时
表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即“过去的过去”）。这个过去的某一时间
可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
By the time we got to the airport the plane had taken___(take) off. (2001 上)
常用动词的现在和过去分词
be Do Study Find Succeed Know Read Show Try Speak Hear Say Make
Think Have Bring Feel Lead pay Buy Cost Come See Hear put Catch Become
Break Build Drink Fall Fly Forget Give Hide Keep Lay Leave
Let Lose Meet Run Seek Sleep Stand Write Teach
1) Tom was 23 when his father _died_ (die).
2) practice alone _does not guarantee_ (not guarantee) success for an adult
language learner.
3) She _will tell_ (tell) you the news when you ask her to.
4) Who _invented_ (invent) the world’s first computer?
5) Language teachers often _offer_ (offer) advice to language learner.
6) The waiter soon _brought_ (bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook
his head.
7) Since his father died 3 years ago, he _has not paid_ (not pay) any taxes.
8) “What are you doing now?” “I _am preparing_ (prepare) my lessons for the
final exam.”
9) What _has happened_ (happen) here? There is blood on the floor.
10) In a hundred years time people _will go_ (go) to other planets for their
holidays.
1) Sometimes information in the long-term memory ____ (be) hard to remember．(4B 2000
上 )
2) In the l600’s，travelers from Europe____ (bring) back diamonds from India．(6A 2000
上 )
3) By the time we get to their house, they ____ (finish) supper. (2003上)
4) By the time we got to the airport the plane ____ (take) off. (2001 上)
5) All the food that __keeps__ (keep) our bodies strong, was once in the vegetable
form.( 6B 2003 上)
6) In 1964, the olympic Games in Tokyo __became__ (become) the first program to be
transmitted via satellite. (8A 2003 下 )
7) our region __has made__ (make) great advances over the past ten years. (2000 上)
8) In the recent past, medical researchers __have begun__ (begin) to emphasize the
fact that heart diseases are associated with stress, smoking and a lack of exercise.
(16A 2003 下)
Have you finished your paper yet?
I have’t finished the paper yet.
I have’t seen her for 14 years.
I have’t seen her since 14 years ago.
She has leaned dance since 5.
She has leaned dance for 20 years.
She has leaned dance since 20 years ago.
It is 3 years since we saw each other last.
I will have finished studying English by this time next year.
He will have studied for 5 years here by June next year.
The train had left when I got the station.
I had finished my supper when mum got home.
The film had already been on for half an hour.
He has been away from home for 3 years.
Fly—flew—flown
Lie—lied—lied
Lie—lay—lain
Lay—laid—laid
>第33讲 第八单元讲解
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
9) The number of violent acts on televisions in the past years __has increased__
increase) from about 19 to 27 per hour. (15A 2004 上)
10) Your mind _will keep___ (keep) up with your reading speed if you ask it to. (12B
2004 上)
KEY:
1) is
2) brought
3) will have finished
4) had taken
5) keeps
6) became
7) has made
8) have begun
9) has increased
10) keeps
1) Language learning research _-s_ (show) that successful language learners are
similar in many ways.
2) Successful learners _do not wait_ (not wait) for a chance to use the
language.
3) The Atlantic ocean is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus
_crossed_ (cross) it.
4) one of the longest mountain ranges of the world _rises_ (rise) from the floor
of the Atlantic.
5) Information that _does not make_ (not make) any sense to you is difficult to
remember.
6) Traditionally, all the members of an extended family _lived_ (live) in the
same area.
7) At the beginning of the twentieth century, there _were_ (be) four powerful
means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances
8) In 1975, many people in India _saw_ (see) television for the first time as
they watched programs about agriculture and health.
9) Science _had_ (have) its beginning when man started asking questions about
his environment.
10) When the sorting is completed, there _will be_ (be) for each word anywhere from
two or three to several hundred quotations, each on its card.
11) An insurance agent _called_ (call) me this morning.
12) A young father who _purchases_ (purchase) a fairly small life insurance policy
agrees to pay a sum of $200 every year for 40 years.
13) Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to
violent programs _had increased_ (increase) significantly.
14) one afternoon while she _was preparing_ (prepare) dinner in her kitchen, Anne
peters, a 32-year-old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest
accompanied by shortness of breath.
In the final analysis, we think that although fitness will not guarantee that you
_will live_ (live) longer, it can help you enjoy the years you do live.
By through
Transmission
Tele-telescope
Trans-cross
Transport. Transplant. Translate.
Eatablished
Track
Vision, visible, invisible
Be able to
Forecast—foretell
Limitation
Well-educated
Educational system
Remote controller
At the same time
Meanwhile
private
personality
Harmful
Be harmful for/to
Application form
Apply for
I’d like to apply for a visa to America.
Apply to
I can apply this method to my teaching.
Applicant
LESSoN EIGHT
TEXT
Telecommunication via Satellite
At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were four powerful means of
transmitting and receiving information over long distances: print, photography,
telegraph, and telephone. By the middle of the century, both radio and television had
become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures. In 1964, the olympic
Games in Tokyo became the first program to be transmitted via satellite.
In order to transmit an event such as the olympics via satellite, television
signals are first changed into radio waves, which are then sent from a station on earth
to an orbiting satellite. The satellite receives the radio waves and sends them back to
earth, where another station picks them up and changes them back into television
signals. Because any form of sound or visual information can be changed into radio
waves, satellites are capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts, but
telephone calls and printed materials such as books and magazines.
The combination of satellites,(s) which transmit information, computers,(s) which
store information, and television,(s) which displays information, will change every
home into(o) an education and entertainment center. In theory, every person will have
access to an unlimited amount of information.
Another important use of telecommunication satellites was demonstrat
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
Successful adj. 成功的
? Behind every successful man there stands a woman.
? 每一个成功男人的背后都有一个女人。
? Were you successful in finding a new house?
? 你找到新房子了吗？
Adult n. 成年
? An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
? 根据英国法律18岁以上为成年人。
? Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free.
? 成年人付门票而儿童则免费。
Adult adj. 成年人，成熟的
? He spent most of his adult life in prison.
? 他成年岁月的一大部分是在狱中度过的。
? Her behaviour is not very adult.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
课文：
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”
Most adults (who are learning a second language) would disagree with this
statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds
of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every
adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people (who
are very intelligent and __ (successful) in their fields) find it difficult to succeed
in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find
it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as
you can in the new language.” “practice speaking the language every day.” “Live
with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate – try to think in the new
language.” “Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
课文：
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research
shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do
not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the
language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns
and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers (who look for clues and form their
own conclusions). When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their
mistakes.
Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners
do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find
people who speak the language and they ask these people __ (correct) them when they
make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat
what they hear or __ (say) strange things; they are willing __ (make) mistakes and try
again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information (that is inexact or
incomplete).
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
课文：It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know
the meaning of every word.
Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to
learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people (who
speak it).
It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these
people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language
regularly because they want to learn with it.
What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language
learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. on
the other hand, if your language learning has been __ (little) than successful, you
might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
Unit 1
Text B How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
重点词语
Successful adj. 成功的
? Behind every successful man there stands a woman.
? 每一个成功男人的背后都有一个女人。
? Were you successful in finding a new house?
? 你找到新房子了吗？
Adult n. 成年
? An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
? 根据英国法律18岁以上为成年人。
? Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free.
? 成年人付门票而儿童则免费。
Adult adj. 成年人，成熟的
? He spent most of his adult life in prison.
? 他成年岁月的一大部分是在狱中度过的。
? Her behaviour is not very adult.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
Text B Language
重点词语
Instance n. 例，实例
? This is only one instance out of many.
? 这只是众多实例之一。
? Let me give you some instances.
? 让我给你举些例子。
Travel(l)er n. 旅客，旅行者
? These travellers have booked their hotel rooms.
? 这些旅客已经订好了房间。
? The train travellers arrived before the travellers on the bus.
? 坐火车来的比坐汽车来的旅客到得早。
Exact adj. 精确的，正确的
? The exact time of the accident was 2.43 pm.
? 事故发生的准确时间是下午2点43分。
? We arrived at the exact moment that they were leaving.
? 他们刚走我们就到了。
Consist v. 组成（of）
? The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
? 全队由四个欧洲人和两个美国人组成。
? It’s simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.
? 这份饭准备起来很简单，主要是米饭和蔬菜。
Simply adv. 仅，只不过；完全地
? I don’t like my job — I simply do it for the money.
? 我不喜欢我的工作，我做它只是为了钱。
? I simply don’t know what happened.
? 我完全不知道发生了什么。
Not only …but also
conj. 不但…而且
? If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole
organization.
? 要是这个项目失败了，这将不仅影响到我们部门，还会影响到整个单位。
? This washing machine was not only expensive but also unreliable.
? 这台洗衣机不仅贵而且性能不稳定。
Neither … nor
conj.既不…也不
? My doctor told me I should neither smoke nor drink.
? 医生建议我既不要吸烟也不要喝酒。
? She neither knows nor cares what has happened to her ex-husband.
? 她不知道也不关心她的前夫发生了什么。
Text B Language
When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help
of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our head up and
down when we want to say “yes” and we move our heads from side to side when we want
to “no”. people who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk
to each other with the help of their fingers. people who do not understand each other’
s language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.
An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. one day he
entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came , the Englishman
opened his mouth, put his fingers in it , took them out again and moved his lips. In
this way he meant to say ,
“Bring me something to eat.” The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The
Englishman shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The
waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn’t food , of course.
He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man
saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough : in a few minutes
there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him .
As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of
words is much more exact.
Words consist of sounds , but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are
not words. For example , we may say “Sh-sh-sh” when we mean “keep silent.” When
babies laugh , we know they are happy , and when they cry , we know they are ill or
simply want something .
It is the same with animal . When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says “F-f-f” we
know they are angry.
But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together
into sentences. But animals can not do this : a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means “I
am angry ,” but he cannot say man ; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what
they mean . We may say that a parrot talks , but cannot say that it really speaks ,
because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows . only man has the power
to do this.
单元自测
1. Word Spelling
将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个词的词类和第一个字母以及用短线表示的其余字母数，
已给出。
1. 语言 n. l_ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. 成年人 n. a_ _ _ _
3. 声明，陈述 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. 保证 v. g_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. 成功 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _
6. 建议 n. a_ _ _ _ _
7. 研究 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8. 相似的 a. s_ _ _ _ _ _
9. 独立的 a. i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. 解释 v. e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11. 线索 n. c_ _ _
12. 结论 n. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13. 交流 v. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14. 信息 n. i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15. 目的 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _
16. 男服务员 n. w_ _ _ _ _ _
17. 鹦鹉 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18. 原始的 a. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19. 饭店 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20. 啤酒 n. b_ _ _ _
答案：
1. 语言 n. language
2. 成年人 n. adult
3. 声明，陈述 n. statement
4. 保证 v. guarantee
5. 成功 n. success
6. 建议 n. advice
7. 研究 n. research
8. 相似的 a. similar
9. 独立的 a. independent
10. 解释 v. explain
11. 线索 n. clue
12. 结论 n. conclusion
13. 交流 v. communicate
14. 信息 n. information
15. 目的 n. purpose
16. 男服务员 n. waiter
17. 鹦鹉 n. parrot
18. 原始的 a. primitive
19. 饭店 n. restaurant
20. 啤酒 n. beer
II. Word Form
请给出下列动词的过去时，现在分词和过去分词形式。
1. Is 2. do 3. study 4. find
5. succeed 6. know 7. read 8. show
9. try 10. speak 11. hear 12. say
13. make 14. think 15. have 16. bring
请给出下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式
17. easy 18. difficult 19. much 20. new
答案：
1. is was→being→been
2. do did→doing→done
3. study studied→studying→studied
4. find found→finding→found
5. succeed succeeded→ succeeding→ succeeded
6. know knew→ knowing→ known
7. read read→ reading→ read
8. show showed→showing→ shown/ showed
9. try tried→ trying→ tried
10. speak spoke→ speaking→ spoken
11. hear heard→ hearing→ heard
12. say said→ saying→ said
13. make made→ making→ made
14. think thought→ thinking→ thought
15. have had→ having→ had
16. bring brought→ bringing→ brought
17. easy easier→ easiest
18. difficult more difficult→ most difficult
19. much more→ most
20. new newer→ newest
III. Vocabulary and Structure
从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
1. Even hundreds of hours of study and practice will not ________ success for every
adult language learner.
[A] practice offer
[C] guarantee [D] communicate
2. They want to learn the language because the ________ the language and the people
who speak it.
[A] are interested in are different from
[C] succeed in [D] offer advice to
3. Most adults would disagree with the ________ that learning a language is easy.
[A] language guesser
[C] statement [D] guarantee
4. Can a (n) ________ learn a language in the same way as a child does?
[A] student guesser
[C] teacher [D] adult
5. Successful language learners are ________ learners.
[A] inexact independent
[C] incomplete [D] interesting
6. ________, you need to discovery your own way to learn the language.
[A] of all First of all
[C] The first [D] of all the first
7. Successful language learners do not ________ the book or the teacher.
[A] depend on play with
[C] live with [D] look for
8. It is necessary for people to learn a language in order to ________ with the
people who speak it and to learn from them.
[A] disagree communicate
[C] practice [D] say
9. If your language learning has been less than successful, you might try some of
the ________ that successful language learners commonly use.
[A] techniques purposes
[C] patterns [D] clues
10. Successful language learners ________ make mistakes and try again.
[A] wait for a chance to are willing to
[C] are afraid to [D] find it difficult to
答案：
1. 1. Even hundreds of hours of study and practice will not ____C____ success for
every adult language learner.
[A] practice offer
[C] guarantee [D] communicate
2. They want to learn the language because the ____A____ the language and the
people who speak it.
[A] are interested in are different from
[C] succeed in [D] offer advice to
3. Most adults would disagree with the ____C____ that learning a language is easy.
[A] language guesser
[C] statement [D] guarantee
4. Can a (n) ____D____ learn a language in the same way as a child does?
[A] student guesser
[C] teacher [D] adult
5. Successful language learners are ____B____ learners.
[A] inexact independent
[C] incomplete [D] interesting
6. ____B____, you need to discovery your own way to learn the language.
[A] of all First of all
[C] The first [D] of all the first
7. Successful language learners do not ____A____ the book or the teacher.
[A] depend on play with
[C] live with [D] look for
8. It is necessary for people to learn a language in order to ____B____ with the
people who speak it and to learn from them.
[A] disagree communicate
[C] practice [D] say
9. If your language learning has been less than successful, you might try some of
the ____A____ that successful language learners commonly use.
[A] techniques purposes
[C] patterns [D] clues
10. Successful language learners ____B____ make mistakes and try again.
[A] wait for a chance to are willing to
[C] are afraid to [D] find it difficult to
IV. Translate the following sentences into English
将下列各句译成英语。
1. 语言学习和其他种类的学习有所不同。
2. 他们不依赖书本或老师。
3. 我们学习英语是因为我们对英语感兴趣。
4. 为了与他们交流并向他们学习，我们有必要学习这门语言。
5. 你是哪种语言学习者呢？
答案：
1. 语言学习和其他种类的学习有所不同。
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
2. 他们不依赖书本或老师。
They do not depend on the book or the teacher.
3. 我们学习英语是因为我们对英语感兴趣。
We want to learn English because we are interested in it.
4. 为了与他们交流并向他们学习，我们有必要学习这门语言。
It is necessary for us to learn the language in order to communicate with them and
to learn from them.
5. 你是哪种语言学习者呢？
What kind of language learner are you?
补充练习
I. Fill in the blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.
different successful disagree similar independent communicate
incomplete outline inexact regularly
1. people need to _______ with each other for ever.
2. He didn’t want to _______ on his parents, so he made a living by selling
newspapers.
3. “please tell the ______ answer to this question.” The teacher asked with a
smile.
4. I _______ with if you have made up your mind to do that.
5. My wife and I have ________ tastes in music.
6. He ______ from his brother in learning a language.
7. He put down his ______ composition and went out to play football.
8. He is a man with ________ habits.
9. Before writing a composition, he wrote down an ______ at first.
10. He passed the entrance examination _______.
II. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the under lined word.
1. I give my guarantee that he will be here tomorrow.
A. assurance B. words C. saying D. idea
2. He is willing to make mistakes and try again.
A. prefer B. like C. would like to D. enjoy
3. His father disagree with him.
A. converse B. is against C. against D. conversely
4. He is interested in English.
A. is like B. is fond of C. is love D. excited
5. We can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.
A. not…but B. neither…nor… C. both…and D. or…or…
III. Choose the best answer.
1. Language ______ words which we put together into sentences.
A. inclucling B. consist in C. consists of D. is consisted of
2. one day an Englishman entered a restaurant and sat down ______ a table.
A. beside B. besides C. at D. by
3. _______ this way he meant to say “Bring me something to eat”.
A. by B. on C. to D. in
4. He not only likes pop music but also ______classical music.
A. like B. liked C. liking D. likes
5. people _______ do not understand each other’s language have to do the same.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
6. Neither John nor his parents ______ football fan.
A. is B. are C. being D. am
7. You ______ finish the job, now that we have got so far with it.
A. might well B. might do well C. might well to D. might do well to
8. You have ______ opportunities to speak English.
A. thousand of B. three thousand of C. thousands of D. thousands
9. He is used to ______ the language.
A. play B. played C. playing with D. play with
10. My sister ______ English every day.
A. practise to speak B. practise speaking C. practises to speak D.
practises speaking
11. He ______ the work independently these years.
A. do B. does C. has done D. has been doing
12. This is ______ you need.
A. what B. that C. this D. whether
13. It is necessary ______ him ______ learn English in order to go abroad.
A. to…to… B. to…for… C. for…to… D. in…to
14. Successful language learners are learners ______ are learners ______ a purpose.
A. on B. in C. to D. with
15. The teachers find it ______ to be a good teacher.
A. is difficult B. difficult C. difficulty D. being difficult
16. Some people think language learning is very difficult _______, some people think
it is very easy.
A. At once B. Converse C. Conversely D. Then
17. Today he is ______ his new black coat.
A. on B. in C. with D. at
18. It is important for me to try to think _________ English.
A. with B. of C. over D. in
19. They are ______ workers.
A. woman B. women C. woman’s D. women’s
20. First of all, China is a ________ country.
A. develop B. developed C. developing D. in developing
21. I should advise you ______ miss the chance.
A. to B. don’t to C. shouldn’t to D. not to
22. The girl ______ the violion is my sister.
A. is playing B. who playing C. playing D. who is played
23. She sat there ______ nothing.
A. doing B. done C. is doing D. do
24. It _____ for a whole month.
A. is raining B. raining C. has raining D. has been raining
25. A man from the South ______ feel that Beijing is very dry.
A. will B. shall C. would D. may
名词：noun----N
冠词: article
代词: pronun---pron
数词: numeral---Num
形容词:adjective----Adj
副词: adverb----Adv
动词: verb---V
介词: preposition--- prep
连词: conjunction---Conj
感叹词: interjection---Inter
I me my mine
you you your yours
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its its
we us our ours
they them their theirs
my water= mine
her apples = hers
one two
first second
heavy heavier heaviest
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
big bigger biggest
ill worse worst
good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
few fewer fewest
many more most
much more most
old older oldest
elder eldest
The more……the more
The more…… the better.
The more haste, the less speed.
动词：
Be is am are was were seem look smell feel sound
Can may must need will would shall should ought to dare
Do does did will have has had
Vi : look at \up \into\around\after\over\on
Unit 2
Text A
Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
income tax
stamp tax
tax-cuts
tax-free\ duty-free
见课文单词。
LESSoN TWo
TEXT A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
Americans often say that there are only two things (a person can be sure of in life):
death and taxes. Americans do not have a corner on the death market, but many people
feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.
Taxes consist of the money (which people pay to support their government). There
are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and
city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.
Salaried people (who earn more than a few thousand dollars) must pay a certain
percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from
person to person . It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated
income tax,( that is), the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a
persons income increases. (With the high cost of taxes,) people are not very happy on
April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota,
or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that
of the federal government. of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. other
states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item (which you buy in
that state). For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for
twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the
cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some
states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax
laws are diverse and confusing.
The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people
who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a
city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public
works and municipal buildings.
LESSoN TWo
TEXT A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
（续）
Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one
day each week just to pay their taxes. people always complain about taxes. They often
protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it
spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different
views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: Taxes are too high.
TEXT B
单词见课本
TEXT B Advertising
Advertising is only part of the total sales effort , but it is the part (that
attracts the most attention ). This is natural enough because advertising is designed
for just that purpose . In newspapers , in magazines , in the mail , on radio and
television , we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products
and services. For the most part , they are the kinds of things (that we can be
persuaded to buy ---- food and drinks, cars and television sets , furniture and
clothing, travel and leisure time activities ).
The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry
a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of
them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long . It is really a notice or
announcement( that something is available.)
Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores
or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a
limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many (who want to put out
their ads )use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were
developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short
messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch
the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan, which the
public identifies with the product.
The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and
music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.
Television ads are short ----usually only 15, 30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated
over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times . Commercial
television has mixed entertainment and advertising . If you want the entertainment ,
you have to put up with the advertising-----and millions of people want the
entertainment .
The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s
advertising. They must decide on the audience (they want to reach). They must also
decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also
make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large
companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.
课后练习题
I．根据句子的意思将括号中的词变成适当的形式。
1. The woman who ______ (speak) in the meeting was Mrs Jones.
2. It ______ (rain) hard when we let yesterday.
3. It is a week since he ______ (come back).
4. I didn’t go to the film, I ______(see) it.
5. The book is not so difficult as I ______(expect).
6. English ______(speak) all over the world.
7. She said the party ______ (postpone) till next Friday.
8. She ______ (be) in bed for three days.
9. He is not the man we ______(look for).
10. Ane asked Green where he ______(leave) the key.
II．根据句子的意思选择正确答案。
1. Health ______ good food, fresh air and enough sleep.
A. rely B. depend C. depends on D. consist of
2. How much do you ______ for a haircut?
A. charge with B. charge C. charge by D. charge in
3. He ______ get angry when people disagree with him.
A. insist to B. insist on C. tend D. tends to
4. The cities use these ______ for education, police and fire departments, public
works and municipal buildings.
A. money B. fund C. salary D. funds
5. The United States ______ the world ______ the worst taxes.
A. lead…with B. lead…by C. leads…in D. leads…with
6. I gave thirty ______ of my salary to my mother.
A. percent B. percents C. percentage D. percentages
7. ______ the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the
federal taxes are due.
A. on B. under C. with D. by
8. My skirt looks similar ______ yours.
A. with B. to C. about D. in
9. Some states use income tax ______ to sales tax to raise their revenues.
A. in addition B. additional C. in addition that D. in addition with
10. They say that it spends too much on useless and ______ programs.
A. practical B. unpractical C. impractical D. practice
11. They tend to ______ one subject taxes are too high.
A. agree B. agree with C. agree on D. agree to
12. please find out which is wrong. ________
A. public works B. LuXHum’s works C. ivon and steel works D. power works
13. I am surprised to see the ______ things.
A. confuse B. confused C. confusing D. confusion
14. He spends too much time ______ television everyday.
A. in B. on C. to D. at
15. The public identifies the slogan ______ the product.
A. to B. in C. with D. about
16. The most important purpose is no _______ the eye.
A. pull B. drag C. push D. catch
17. You have to ______ the hot weather in summer.
A. bears B. puts up with C. endures D. put up with
18. They must ______ the audience they want to reach.
A. determine on B. decide on C. determine to D. decide to
19. The group has ______ six people.
A. no more than B. not more than C. no more with D. no longer with
20. There is ________ one China and Taiwan is part of China.
A. however B. yet C. of D. but
21. My father saw him ______ the money.
A. steal B. steals C. stealed D. is stealing
22. Mr. Smith ______ me his car.
A. borrow B. borrowed C. lend D. lent
23. I warmed him ______ late.
A. is B. be C. to D. not to be
24. How _______ in such a short time?
A. all this can be done B. all can this be done
C. can all this be done D. this all can be done
25. Thinking of the coming summer holidays, the boys were ______ to sit still
anymore.
A. so excited B. so exciting C. too exciting D. too excited
26. I am sorry I have kept you ______ for many hours.
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waited
27. His job was ______ pigs and chicken.
A. rising B. raising C. rose D. raised
28. Because of the had weather our trip will have to be put ______.
A. in B. off C. by D. away
29. ______ she was a grandmother, she looked very young.
A. Besides B. Although C. In spite D. Because
30. The sudden change of weather resulted ______ the death of many young animals.
A. from B. in C. to D. on
Earn money Technology Make an intelligent decision Disagree;independent;incomplete;inexact;uncover; Waitress for =for example Travel trip journey voyage Bon voyage ! I was doing my homework while my mum was cooking. Well-educated ; well-organized ; Well-cultivated Conj. prep. Num. n. v. a. ad. Ad. Conj. Conj. pron. Ad. A. v. a. pron. prep. Inter. v. v.
keep from ; stop from ; block from;
prevent from
be willing to do/be unwilling to do
water at 100 degrees.
A: boiling B:boiled
C: boils D:is boiled
E: is boiling
Kilometer kilogram=kg
She is so beautiful that she is dismissed.
She is too beautiful to go to school.
You are too young to smoke.
You are so young that you can’t smoke.
Fall into fall in love
They fell in love at the first sight.
Bay gulf Gulf war
Supply sb. With sth.
provide sb.with sth.
offer sb. With sth.
She sells seashell on the seashore.
Road path: street: way: motorway:
Highway: freeway\expressway
EMS=Express mail service
Sidewalk : pavement
Shortcut
My mum will come to bj in 3 days.
My mum will come to bj within 3 days.
plane airplane aeroplane
Helicopter
Go fishing go shopping go golfing
Continue to do sth.
Artistic art artist
No more than = only = merely
Reflection
Comfort---comfortable---comfortably---uncomfortably---uncomfortable
Lunar lunar new year = spring festival
Sun---solar---solar system---solar power---solar energy
on this occasion
Execpt Besides
Except me, there were 6 people went to the cinema.
Beside me, there were 6 people went to the cinema.
Remember
Lit up
once a month twice a month
Three times a month
one third two thirds three fifths one second one half
Four and two fifths
Neighborhood childhood motherhood
psychology---psychologist---psychological---psychiatrist
Birdflu
Associate with
Meaningless
In random order----in good order
Well-organized
Needless to say----hard to say
Follow---follow me
Remember memorize
Recall keep in mind
Imagine doing
Mental----physical
The number of our class is 25.
A number of students are party members.
Numbers of books have been stolen.
Information that birdflu will be widespeaded is not true.
Information that he gave us is not true.
This type of machine.
This kind\sort of machine.
Typewriter ------typist
Those using imagery=those who are using imagery
Compare A with B
Compare to
poets always compare sleep to death.
Unit 4 Text B Short-term Memory
There are two kinds of memory : short-term and long-term .Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time (when it is needed) . The information may be kept for days or weeks . Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember . Students taking exams often have this experience .
psychiatrist
human rights
device/equipment/facility
mouse mice
set free
representative
advantage/ disadvant
keep record/break record
loud-speaker
awake/afraid/asleep/aloud
way/means/approach
social security system
education system
compare with
compare to
look after/ look up/ look into/ look at/ look over/ look on—looker on/ look around/look down upon
turn on/ off / up //down
begin to do sth. Begin doing
start to do sth.—start doing
please remember to turn off the light.
I remembered seeing you somewhere
Don’t forget to bring you book next time.
I forgot borrowing your money
Don’t forget to bring your money
I like swimming.
I like to swim now.
I hate smoking.
I hate to smoke now.
Regret to do/ regret doing
Late—later—latest—latter
He is a good worker with much experience.
I had two unforgettable experiences last summer.
In contrast , information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds , usually
by repeating the information over and over . For example , you look up a number in the
telephone book , and before you dial , you repeat the number over and over . If someone
interrupts you , you will probably forget the number . In laboratory studies , subjects
are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds (if they are not allowed to
repeat the letters to themselves) .
psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The
two experiments here show (how short-term memory has been studied .)
Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats . He used a special apparatus (which
had a cage for the rat and three doors) . There was a light in each door . First the
rat was placed in the closed cage . Next , one of the lights was turned on and then off
. There was food for the rat only at this door . After the light was turned off , the
rat had to wait a short time (before it was released from its cage)h . Then , if it
went to the correct door , it was rewarded with the food (that was there ). Hunter did
this experiment many times . He always turned on the lights in a random order . The rat
had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage . Hunter found
(that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds , it could not remember then correct
door ). Hunter’s results show (that rats have a short-term memory of about ten
seconds).
Later , Dr. Henning studied (how students who are learning English as a second
language remember vocabulary ). The subjects in bhis experiment were 75 students at the
University of California in Los Angeles . They represented all levels of ability in
English : beginning , intermediate , advanced , and native-speaking students.
To begin , the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a
paragraph in English . Following the recording , the subjects took a 15-question )Each
question had four choices . The subjects had to circle the word (they had heard in the
recording .) Some of the questions had four choices (that sound alike .) For example ,
weather , whether , wither , and wetter are four words (that sound alike .) Some of the
questions had four choices (that have the same meaning .) Method , way , manner , and
system would be four words with the same meaning . Some of them had four unrelated
choices . For instance , weather , method , love , and result could be used as four
unrelated words . Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test .
He was rewarded with 5000 yuan for his bravery.
I hate the eight-year old boy, for he is too naughty.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
课文：
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”
Most adults (who are learning a second language) would disagree with this
statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds
of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every
adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people (who
are very intelligent and __ (successful) in their fields) find it difficult to succeed
in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find
it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as
you can in the new language.” “practice speaking the language every day.” “Live
with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate – try to think in the new
language.” “Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
Henning found (that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their
mistakes on words that sound alike ; students with a higher proficiency made more of
their mistakes on words that have the same meaning .) Henning’s results suggest (that
beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory , while advanced
students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.
Make a choice
He suggested that I give up smoking.
His suggestion that I give up smoking was impossible.
Quantity—quality
primitive tribe
Brave
Civilized—civilization—civilize
Coke garlic—spring onion
Foreign friends/language
Abroad—go abroad
Go to foreign countries
Flesh/fat
Chewing gum
Helpless
Digestion/digest
Lemonade
Groundwork/base
Alkali
Butter
Combine with
Chief editor
Editor-in-chief mainly
Container
In fact
Regard as
Look as
The boss made me work 16 hours.
I was made to word 16 hours a day.
Married
Separate
Divorce
Supply sb. With sth.
provide sb. With sth.
offer sb. With sth.
LESSoN FIVE
TEXT A Fallacies about Food
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating
an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
They thought, (for example,) that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would
make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as
strong and brave as their enemies.
Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power
could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also
were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to
make people who ate them fall in love.
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up -- the idea that they were
poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they
could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas
during World War II.
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very
widespread.
one such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just
as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to
prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food
down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with
meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and
helps to digest the food.
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with
mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk
should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the
orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.
As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles
it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea
is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.
Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates
should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a
carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In
the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and
carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes
together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
Think of/ about/over
pest killer
Make fun of sb.
Be engaged in sth.
I am engaged in learning computer.---engagement
Calm/serious
Fog—foggy
Tomb
Stick to—transparent
Sticky tape
Muddy
Batman
Hardly
Hardly did I know their names.
Fashionable
old fashioned
out of fashion
Up-to-date out-of-date
Vary—various—variety
Boots
Intelligence—intelligent
Wise—wisdom
Be busy doing
Can’t help from doing
Find
Take good care of
Look after
As they are hardworking, hardworking as they are
Their thought must be very busy while they are engaged in these sports.
LESSoN FIVE TEXT B
Do Animals Think?
The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them
think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to
be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.
Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is true with some
insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races;
they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their
thoughts while (they are)engaged in these sports.
There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of
the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to
be very grave. The same is true of(prep.) the owl, who always looks as if he were
considering some important question.
Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searches for what it can use
in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build
their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in
arranging them, and in plastering them together with mud. Some spiders build houses
which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.
As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. The parrot learns to
talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to
imitate a great many different shounds. The horse is not long in learning many things
connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much
about most things as some other dogs, and yet he understands very well how to take care
of sheep.
Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their
ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest,
and it is always the same way. And so (it is true)of other animals. They have no new
fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new
ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.
Many of the things that animals know how to do(object.) they(subject.) seem to
know(v.) either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are
said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell what instinct is. It is by this
instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dams and huts. If these things
were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses, there would be some
changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.
I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a
young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where
there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his
building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets,
boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam.
Now,(语气词) if he had had his wits about(around) him, he would have known that there
was no use in building a dam where there was no water.
It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their senses as we do, they
do not think nearly as much about what they learn, and this is the reason why they do
not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not
think very much about what they see and hear. Nor
is this all. There are some things that we understand, but about which animals know
nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own
observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference
between right and wrong.
Engaged in these sports.
In this respect/aspect/
physical labor—blue collar
Mental labor—white collar
It is said/reported/believed/well-known/estimated
I got a bad cold yesterday
It is me who got a bad cold yesterday.
It is a bad cold that I got yesterday.
It is yesterday that I got a bad cold.
Clear, obviously
So am i. Now am I
Neither am i.
I like jazz. So does my brother.
I don’t I like smoking.
Nor does my brother.
neirther
LESSoN SIX TEXT B
The Difference Between plants And Animals
If you were asked, What is the difference between a plant and an animal? what
answer do you think you would give? Your first thought might be that a plant has leaves
and roots and flowers, which an animal has not. Yet that would not be correct; for
there are many plants which have neither roots nor leaves nor flowers, while there are
some animals which seem to have all three.
Look up into the sky, and then down at the earth beneath your feet. It is easy
enough, you think, to tell which is earth and which is sky; but if you live in the
wide, open country, or near the sea, you will often find when you look far away to the
place where sky and earth seem to meet, that this is a matter of some difficulty. You
see only the thin blue haze, like smoke, which is the dividing line between the heavens
and the earth. But just where the one ends and the other begins, you cannot tell.
Just so it is throughout all the world of Nature. You may look at a group of cows
standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and
you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.
But suppose you turn aside from these familiar, everyday things, and study objects
which you have to look at through a magnifying glass, and you will find many things
that will puzzle you. You will find plants without roots, leaves, flowers, or seeds;
and you will find animals without heads, legs, eyes, mouths, or stomachs.
Foggy\sunny\rainy\snowy\windy
Set aside\to turn aside from
Confuse---confused---confusing
puzzle----puzzling----puzzled
Melon-seeds
observe---observer---observation
Watch
Latter
Dweller
Narrow-------wide
Taste delicious
The ice-cream tastes delicious.
The idea sounds good.
Close---open
Shut up
Suck in
Be dissatisfied with
Happen occur
This animal lives on grass.
Take over----hand over
of\among
Tell a from b \ distinguish
Tell a story
Tell a lie
Heaven and hell.
If I were you , I would go abroad.
Students(researcher/scholar) of Nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they
observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object; and they see many
things which most people would fail to see. And thus they have found that the real
difference between plants and animals lies in what they do, and not in what they seem
to be.
We now know that about one fourth of all the kinds of seaweed are animals. A few
years ago all of them were classed as plants. It was long supposed that the main
difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the
latter could not. But this difference will not hold good.(established)
How then are we to know whether a living object is a plant or an animal? plants
can live on inorganic matter; they have the power of changing earth and air and water
into substances which enter into and become a part of themselves. Animals can live only
on what plants have already turned from inorganic to vegetable matter. Animals,
although they need some inorganic food, cannot live on it alone.
All the food that keeps our bodies strong, or makes them grow, was once in the
vegetable form. No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth,
if the plants had not come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order
of beings.
plants are the true fairies that are forever working wonders around us. Their
roots dig down into the earth and gather its treasures. Their leaves spread their broad
surfaces to the air and take in its riches; and out of what they have thus gathered
they produce the beautiful flowers, the delicious fruits, and the golden grain.
That arn computer well is important.
That we learn computer well is important.
I like the computer that my mum bought me on my birthday.
Three fourths
one third----two thirds
Human beings
I had learned 5000 words by the end of last year.
The plane had already taken off when I got to the airport.
Let us study more closely the way in which a plant grows. The root pushes itself down
into the earth. If it finds no water, it soon dies. If it finds water, it begins to
suck it up and change it into sap. Besides the water, it takes up such parts of the
soil as are dissolved in the water.
Here, then, you see in what ways the food of the plant is different from that of
animals.
No wonder you are late for it is so foggy today.
I wonder who will be the next president of the US.
Definite\indefinite
Marry to -----marry sb.
Marriage----get married
Grandfather----great grandfather
Forefather
Relation
Tradition
Basic---base---on the base of
Nuclear weapon\power
Extend ---- extension ----extended
Industry
post-war\post-graduated
Earn money\make money
Society---social---sociable
Like---be fond of ----care for----keen on
LESSoN SEVEN
TEXT A
Families
Family -- the word has different meanings for different people, and even the
dictionary gives us several definitions: a group of people related by blood or
marriage, two adults and their children, all those people descended from a common
ancestor, a household, and so on. Some people think of a family as a mother, a father,
and their children; others include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. For some
of us, family means the group of relatives living far away from home. For others,
having a family(gerund used for subject) simply means having children.(gerund used for
object) Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their
ancestors. No matter if (whether复合连接词) it is young or old, large or small,
traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. It is that feeling
of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and
sharing.
There are basically two types of families: nuclear families and extended
families. The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and father) and
their children. The mother and father form the nucleus, or center, of the nuclear
family. The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry. Then they
form new nuclear families.
The extended family is very large. There are often many nuclear families in one
extended family. An extended family includes children, parents, grand-parents, uncles,
aunts, and cousins. The members of an extended family are related by blood
(grandparents, parents, children, brothers, sisters, etc.) or by marriage (husbands,
wives, mothers-in-law, etc.). They are all related, so the members of an extended
family are called relatives. @
Regard as
No matter what= whatever
No matter how = however
No matter where = wherever
No matter when = whenever
Whatever do you want?
I will wait for you no matter where you are.
Be composed of ----make up of
Not ----until
I did not get up until 8.
Football is played by all over the world.
English is spoken by all the people.
I was bitten by a dog yesterday.
The book will be translated into 3 languages.
The book has been translated into 3 languages.
The book had been translated into 3 languages by the end of 1998.
The book can be translated into 3 languages.
The new subway is being built now.
Traditionally,(状语，修饰全句) all the members of an extended family lived in the
same area. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many
nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to(so as to ) find work. In
industrial societies today, the members of most nuclear families live together, but
most extended families do not live together. Therefore we can say that the nuclear
family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.
In post-industrial societies like the United States, even the nuclear family is
changing. The nuclear family is becoming smaller as(because) parents want fewer
children, and the number of childless families is increasing. Traditionally, the father
of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house
and the children. Today, more than 50% of the nuclear families in the United States are
two-earner families -- both the father and the mother earn money for the family -- and
in a few families the mother earns the money while the father takes care of the house
and the children. Many nuclear families are also splitting up -- more and more parents
are getting divorced.
What will be the result of this splitting of the nuclear family? Social scientists
now talk of two new family forms: the single parent family and the remarried family.
Almost 20% of all American families are single parent families, and in 85% of these
families the single find it difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon
marry again and form remarried families. As social scientists study these two new
family forms, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family
in the post-industrial age.
Sibling
DINK= double income and no kids
Who will in charge of your class ?
That is, or
I will take the umbrella if it rains.
As soon as he comes , he will tell me the truth.
Generate-----generation gap
part
He plays an important role in our class.
physical exercises\examination
Labor--------mental
emotionless
provide sb. With sth.= provide sth. For sb.
Supply --- offer
prepare
Main--- key----essential
predict
prefix
depend on\upon------dependence
independent from------independence
give up smoking-----give it up
we went to the Summer palace instead of going to the zoo.
He is busy preparing for his exam.
Be busy with doing
Can’t help(from) doing
I couldn’t help crying when I read the story.
LESSoN SEVEN (B)
The Changing American Family
The family is important to people all over the world although the structure of
the family is quite different from one country to another. In the United States, as in
many countries in the world, the family is changing. A generation or two ago, the
traditional family, in which the father was boss, was customary. Now, the modern
family, in which both the father and the mother are equal partners, is more common.
Although there are several similarities between the traditional and the modern family,
there are also some very important differences.
The traditional family of yesterday and the modern family of today have several
similarities. The traditional family was a nuclear family, and the modern family is,
too. The role of the father in the traditional family was to provide for his family.
Similarly, the father in the modern family is expected to do so, also. The mother in
the traditional family took care of the childrens physical and emotional needs just as
the modern mother does.
on the other hand, there are some great differences between the traditional
family and the modern family. The first important difference is in the mans role. The
traditional husband was the head of the household, because he was the only one who
worked outside the home. If the wife worked for pay, then the husband was not
considered to be a good provider. In many families today, both husband and wife work
for pay. Therefore, they share the role of head of household. In addition, the
traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the
modern husband shares these decisions with his working wife. Also, the traditional
husband did not help his wife with the housework or meal preparation. Dinner was ready
when he came home. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He
may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual for him to cook.
The second difference is in the womans role. In the traditional family, the
woman may have worked for pay during her first years of marriage. However, after she
became pregnant, she would usually give up her job. Her primary role was to take care
of her family and home. In contrast, in many families today, the modern woman works
outside the home even after she has children . Shes doing two jobs instead of one, so
she is busier than the traditional mother was. The traditional wife learned to live
within her husbands income. on the other hand, the modern wife does not have to (live
within her husband’s income) because the family has two incomes.
The final difference is in the role of the children. In the traditional family,
the children were taken care of by the mother because she did not work outside the
home. However, today preschool children may go to a child care center or to a
baby-sitter regularly because the mother works. The school-age children of a
traditional family were more dependent. Their mother was there to help them to get
ready for school and to make their breakfast. In contrast, modern children are more
independent. They have to get up early in the morning and get ready for school. Their
mother is busy getting ready for work, so they may even have to make their own
breakfast.
In conclusion, t of tod he American family ay is different from the family of
fifty years ago. In the modern family, the roles of the father, mother, and children
have changed as(because) more and more women work outside the home. The next century
may bring more important changes to the American family structure. It should be
interesting to see.
I am a sailor, and he is a sailor, too.
I am not psychiatrist and he is not, either.
To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
Children’s Day.
Women’s Day.
Teachers’ Day.
Let’s share the apple.
The room is shared by 4 girls.
Share-holder
I will help you with learning English.
Live within one’s income
Less and less
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
动词时态
动词的时态
备考要点：英语中常用的时态有12种。在英语（一）考试的词形填空题中，经常被测试的动词时态
有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时，且题目中一
般都有明显的时间暗示。
特别提示：
1）特殊记忆一些不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。
2）特殊记忆一些暗示一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时等时态的时间状语。具体
如下：
1.一般现在时
1) 一般现在时常与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, once a week等时间状语连用
。
2) 一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理。
3）第三人称单数作主语时，动词后要加-s
标志词：often, always, usually, every day, once a week
He takes a walk after supper every day.
How often do you wash your hair?
Sometimes information in the long-term memory is___ (be) hard to remember．(4B 2000 上
)
2.一般过去时
标志词：yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 1987
He lived in London when he was young.
In the l600’s，travelers from Europe_brought__ (bring) back diamonds from India．(6A
2000 上 )
3.一般将来时
Will (shall) + 动词原形
Am (is, are) going to +动词原形
Am (is, are) about to +动词原形
Am (is, are) to +动词原形
We’ll have to be careful in doing business with them.
4.现在进行时
Am (is, are) + doing
What are you doing?
I’m doing some washing.
5.现在完成时
1)现在完成时不能使用明确表示过去时间的状语，例如：yesterday, last week, in 1993等。
2)现在完成时可以和already, never, ever, not…yet等副词连用。@
3)现在完成时常和since引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的表一段时间的短语连用。
Have (has) + 过去分词
I haven’t seen her since 1991.
Have been sitting
Has’t paid
Had seen
Was making
Has been working
Am preparing
Has happened
The earth goes around the sun.
Water boils at 100 degrees.
He does’t take a walk after supper every day.
Does he take a walk after supper every day?
I am a teacher.
I am not a teacher.
Are you a teacher?
What’s your father?
What does your father do?
Be from com from
Where is your sister from?
Where does your sister come from?
It rains every Wednesday.
He goes to school by taxi every day.
How does he go to school every day.
What did you do 3 years ago?
Just now a moment ago
I received a gift just now.
He was a policeman a years ago.
Was were
Did
Say—said
Learn—learned/learnt
Read—read
Look—looked
Listen—listened
Speak—spoke
We will finish the course 3 weeks later.---in 3 weeks.
My mum will come to see me in 3 days.
My mum will come to see me within 3 days.
Will not=won’t
I won’t smoke.
I am having English class.
Look, they are playing the football.
Is your brother watching TV?
I am coming.
Go, come, arrive, leave, setoff,
She is leaving for HongKong.
I have had/kept the book for 3 weeks.
I have already learned 3000 words.
Have you ever been to SH?
I have never been there?
6.将来完成时
Will have +过去分词
By the time you are back this evening, I’ll have done all the work.
By the time we get to their house, they will have finished____(finish) supper. (2003上)
7.过去完成时
表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即“过去的过去”）。这个过去的某一时间
可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
By the time we got to the airport the plane had taken___(take) off. (2001 上)
常用动词的现在和过去分词
be Do Study Find Succeed Know Read Show Try Speak Hear Say Make
Think Have Bring Feel Lead pay Buy Cost Come See Hear put Catch Become
Break Build Drink Fall Fly Forget Give Hide Keep Lay Leave
Let Lose Meet Run Seek Sleep Stand Write Teach
1) Tom was 23 when his father _died_ (die).
2) practice alone _does not guarantee_ (not guarantee) success for an adult
language learner.
3) She _will tell_ (tell) you the news when you ask her to.
4) Who _invented_ (invent) the world’s first computer?
5) Language teachers often _offer_ (offer) advice to language learner.
6) The waiter soon _brought_ (bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook
his head.
7) Since his father died 3 years ago, he _has not paid_ (not pay) any taxes.
8) “What are you doing now?” “I _am preparing_ (prepare) my lessons for the
final exam.”
9) What _has happened_ (happen) here? There is blood on the floor.
10) In a hundred years time people _will go_ (go) to other planets for their
holidays.
1) Sometimes information in the long-term memory ____ (be) hard to remember．(4B 2000
上 )
2) In the l600’s，travelers from Europe____ (bring) back diamonds from India．(6A 2000
上 )
3) By the time we get to their house, they ____ (finish) supper. (2003上)
4) By the time we got to the airport the plane ____ (take) off. (2001 上)
5) All the food that __keeps__ (keep) our bodies strong, was once in the vegetable
form.( 6B 2003 上)
6) In 1964, the olympic Games in Tokyo __became__ (become) the first program to be
transmitted via satellite. (8A 2003 下 )
7) our region __has made__ (make) great advances over the past ten years. (2000 上)
8) In the recent past, medical researchers __have begun__ (begin) to emphasize the
fact that heart diseases are associated with stress, smoking and a lack of exercise.
(16A 2003 下)
Have you finished your paper yet?
I have’t finished the paper yet.
I have’t seen her for 14 years.
I have’t seen her since 14 years ago.
She has leaned dance since 5.
She has leaned dance for 20 years.
She has leaned dance since 20 years ago.
It is 3 years since we saw each other last.
I will have finished studying English by this time next year.
He will have studied for 5 years here by June next year.
The train had left when I got the station.
I had finished my supper when mum got home.
The film had already been on for half an hour.
He has been away from home for 3 years.
Fly—flew—flown
Lie—lied—lied
Lie—lay—lain
Lay—laid—laid
>第33讲 第八单元讲解
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
9) The number of violent acts on televisions in the past years __has increased__
increase) from about 19 to 27 per hour. (15A 2004 上)
10) Your mind _will keep___ (keep) up with your reading speed if you ask it to. (12B
2004 上)
KEY:
1) is
2) brought
3) will have finished
4) had taken
5) keeps
6) became
7) has made
8) have begun
9) has increased
10) keeps
1) Language learning research _-s_ (show) that successful language learners are
similar in many ways.
2) Successful learners _do not wait_ (not wait) for a chance to use the
language.
3) The Atlantic ocean is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus
_crossed_ (cross) it.
4) one of the longest mountain ranges of the world _rises_ (rise) from the floor
of the Atlantic.
5) Information that _does not make_ (not make) any sense to you is difficult to
remember.
6) Traditionally, all the members of an extended family _lived_ (live) in the
same area.
7) At the beginning of the twentieth century, there _were_ (be) four powerful
means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances
8) In 1975, many people in India _saw_ (see) television for the first time as
they watched programs about agriculture and health.
9) Science _had_ (have) its beginning when man started asking questions about
his environment.
10) When the sorting is completed, there _will be_ (be) for each word anywhere from
two or three to several hundred quotations, each on its card.
11) An insurance agent _called_ (call) me this morning.
12) A young father who _purchases_ (purchase) a fairly small life insurance policy
agrees to pay a sum of $200 every year for 40 years.
13) Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to
violent programs _had increased_ (increase) significantly.
14) one afternoon while she _was preparing_ (prepare) dinner in her kitchen, Anne
peters, a 32-year-old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest
accompanied by shortness of breath.
In the final analysis, we think that although fitness will not guarantee that you
_will live_ (live) longer, it can help you enjoy the years you do live.
By through
Transmission
Tele-telescope
Trans-cross
Transport. Transplant. Translate.
Eatablished
Track
Vision, visible, invisible
Be able to
Forecast—foretell
Limitation
Well-educated
Educational system
Remote controller
At the same time
Meanwhile
private
personality
Harmful
Be harmful for/to
Application form
Apply for
I’d like to apply for a visa to America.
Apply to
I can apply this method to my teaching.
Applicant
LESSoN EIGHT
TEXT
Telecommunication via Satellite
At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were four powerful means of
transmitting and receiving information over long distances: print, photography,
telegraph, and telephone. By the middle of the century, both radio and television had
become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures. In 1964, the olympic
Games in Tokyo became the first program to be transmitted via satellite.
In order to transmit an event such as the olympics via satellite, television
signals are first changed into radio waves, which are then sent from a station on earth
to an orbiting satellite. The satellite receives the radio waves and sends them back to
earth, where another station picks them up and changes them back into television
signals. Because any form of sound or visual information can be changed into radio
waves, satellites are capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts, but
telephone calls and printed materials such as books and magazines.
The combination of satellites,(s) which transmit information, computers,(s) which
store information, and television,(s) which displays information, will change every
home into(o) an education and entertainment center. In theory, every person will have
access to an unlimited amount of information.
Another important use of telecommunication satellites was demonstrat