自考信息（英语1复习资料）
第1讲 英语一课程介绍及一单元词汇
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
Successful adj. 成功的
? Behind every successful man there stands a woman.
? 每一个成功男人的背后都有一个女人。
? Were you successful in finding a new house?
? 你找到新房子了吗？
Adult n. 成年
? An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
? 根据英国法律18岁以上为成年人。
? Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free.
? 成年人付门票而儿童则免费。
Adult adj. 成年人，成熟的
? He spent most of his adult life in prison.
? 他成年岁月的一大部分是在狱中度过的。
? Her behaviour is not very adult.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
课文：
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”
Most adults (who are learning a second language) would disagree with this
statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds
of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every
adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people (who
are very intelligent and __ (successful) in their fields) find it difficult to succeed
in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find
it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as
you can in the new language.” “practice speaking the language every day.” “Live
with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate – try to think in the new
language.” “Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
课文：
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research
shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do
not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the
language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns
and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers (who look for clues and form their
own conclusions). When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their
mistakes.
Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners
do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find
people who speak the language and they ask these people __ (correct) them when they
make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat
what they hear or __ (say) strange things; they are willing __ (make) mistakes and try
again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information (that is inexact or
incomplete).
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
课文：It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know
the meaning of every word.
Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to
learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people (who
speak it).
It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these
people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language
regularly because they want to learn with it.
What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language
learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. on
the other hand, if your language learning has been __ (little) than successful, you
might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
Unit 1
Text B How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
重点词语
Successful adj. 成功的
? Behind every successful man there stands a woman.
? 每一个成功男人的背后都有一个女人。
? Were you successful in finding a new house?
? 你找到新房子了吗？
Adult n. 成年
? An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
? 根据英国法律18岁以上为成年人。
? Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free.
? 成年人付门票而儿童则免费。
Adult adj. 成年人，成熟的
? He spent most of his adult life in prison.
? 他成年岁月的一大部分是在狱中度过的。
? Her behaviour is not very adult.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
Text B Language
重点词语
Instance n. 例，实例
? This is only one instance out of many.
? 这只是众多实例之一。
? Let me give you some instances.
? 让我给你举些例子。
Travel(l)er n. 旅客，旅行者
? These travellers have booked their hotel rooms.
? 这些旅客已经订好了房间。
? The train travellers arrived before the travellers on the bus.
? 坐火车来的比坐汽车来的旅客到得早。
Exact adj. 精确的，正确的
? The exact time of the accident was 2.43 pm.
? 事故发生的准确时间是下午2点43分。
? We arrived at the exact moment that they were leaving.
? 他们刚走我们就到了。
Consist v. 组成（of）
? The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
? 全队由四个欧洲人和两个美国人组成。
? It’s simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.
? 这份饭准备起来很简单，主要是米饭和蔬菜。
Simply adv. 仅，只不过；完全地
? I don’t like my job — I simply do it for the money.
? 我不喜欢我的工作，我做它只是为了钱。
? I simply don’t know what happened.
? 我完全不知道发生了什么。
Not only …but also
conj. 不但…而且
? If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole
organization.
? 要是这个项目失败了，这将不仅影响到我们部门，还会影响到整个单位。
? This washing machine was not only expensive but also unreliable.
? 这台洗衣机不仅贵而且性能不稳定。
Neither … nor
conj.既不…也不
? My doctor told me I should neither smoke nor drink.
? 医生建议我既不要吸烟也不要喝酒。
? She neither knows nor cares what has happened to her ex-husband.
? 她不知道也不关心她的前夫发生了什么。
Text B Language
When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help
of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our head up and
down when we want to say “yes” and we move our heads from side to side when we want
to “no”. people who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk
to each other with the help of their fingers. people who do not understand each other’
s language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.
An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. one day he
entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came , the Englishman
opened his mouth, put his fingers in it , took them out again and moved his lips. In
this way he meant to say ,
“Bring me something to eat.” The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The
Englishman shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The
waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn’t food , of course.
He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man
saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough : in a few minutes
there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him .
As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of
words is much more exact.
Words consist of sounds , but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are
not words. For example , we may say “Sh-sh-sh” when we mean “keep silent.” When
babies laugh , we know they are happy , and when they cry , we know they are ill or
simply want something .
It is the same with animal . When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says “F-f-f” we
know they are angry.
But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together
into sentences. But animals can not do this : a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means “I
am angry ,” but he cannot say man ; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what
they mean . We may say that a parrot talks , but cannot say that it really speaks ,
because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows . only man has the power
to do this.
单元自测
1. Word Spelling
将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个词的词类和第一个字母以及用短线表示的其余字母数，
已给出。
1. 语言 n. l_ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. 成年人 n. a_ _ _ _
3. 声明，陈述 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. 保证 v. g_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. 成功 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _
6. 建议 n. a_ _ _ _ _
7. 研究 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8. 相似的 a. s_ _ _ _ _ _
9. 独立的 a. i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. 解释 v. e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11. 线索 n. c_ _ _
12. 结论 n. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13. 交流 v. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14. 信息 n. i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15. 目的 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _
16. 男服务员 n. w_ _ _ _ _ _
17. 鹦鹉 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18. 原始的 a. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19. 饭店 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20. 啤酒 n. b_ _ _ _
答案：
1. 语言 n. language
2. 成年人 n. adult
3. 声明，陈述 n. statement
4. 保证 v. guarantee
5. 成功 n. success
6. 建议 n. advice
7. 研究 n. research
8. 相似的 a. similar
9. 独立的 a. independent
10. 解释 v. explain
11. 线索 n. clue
12. 结论 n. conclusion
13. 交流 v. communicate
14. 信息 n. information
15. 目的 n. purpose
16. 男服务员 n. waiter
17. 鹦鹉 n. parrot
18. 原始的 a. primitive
19. 饭店 n. restaurant
20. 啤酒 n. beer
II. Word Form
请给出下列动词的过去时，现在分词和过去分词形式。
1. Is 2. do 3. study 4. find
5. succeed 6. know 7. read 8. show
9. try 10. speak 11. hear 12. say
13. make 14. think 15. have 16. bring
请给出下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式
17. easy 18. difficult 19. much 20. new
答案：
1. is was→being→been
2. do did→doing→done
3. study studied→studying→studied
4. find found→finding→found
5. succeed succeeded→ succeeding→ succeeded
6. know knew→ knowing→ known
7. read read→ reading→ read
8. show showed→showing→ shown/ showed
9. try tried→ trying→ tried
10. speak spoke→ speaking→ spoken
11. hear heard→ hearing→ heard
12. say said→ saying→ said
13. make made→ making→ made
14. think thought→ thinking→ thought
15. have had→ having→ had
16. bring brought→ bringing→ brought
17. easy easier→ easiest
18. difficult more difficult→ most difficult
19. much more→ most
20. new newer→ newest
III. Vocabulary and Structure
从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
1. Even hundreds of hours of study and practice will not ________ success for every
adult language learner.
[A] practice offer
[C] guarantee [D] communicate
2. They want to learn the language because the ________ the language and the people
who speak it.
[A] are interested in are different from
[C] succeed in [D] offer advice to
3. Most adults would disagree with the ________ that learning a language is easy.
[A] language guesser
[C] statement [D] guarantee
4. Can a (n) ________ learn a language in the same way as a child does?
[A] student guesser
[C] teacher [D] adult
5. Successful language learners are ________ learners.
[A] inexact independent
[C] incomplete [D] interesting
6. ________, you need to discovery your own way to learn the language.
[A] of all First of all
[C] The first [D] of all the first
7. Successful language learners do not ________ the book or the teacher.
[A] depend on play with
[C] live with [D] look for
8. It is necessary for people to learn a language in order to ________ with the
people who speak it and to learn from them.
[A] disagree communicate
[C] practice [D] say
9. If your language learning has been less than successful, you might try some of
the ________ that successful language learners commonly use.
[A] techniques purposes
[C] patterns [D] clues
10. Successful language learners ________ make mistakes and try again.
[A] wait for a chance to are willing to
[C] are afraid to [D] find it difficult to
答案：
1. 1. Even hundreds of hours of study and practice will not ____C____ success for
every adult language learner.
[A] practice offer
[C] guarantee [D] communicate
2. They want to learn the language because the ____A____ the language and the
people who speak it.
[A] are interested in are different from
[C] succeed in [D] offer advice to
3. Most adults would disagree with the ____C____ that learning a language is easy.
[A] language guesser
[C] statement [D] guarantee
4. Can a (n) ____D____ learn a language in the same way as a child does?
[A] student guesser
[C] teacher [D] adult
5. Successful language learners are ____B____ learners.
[A] inexact independent
[C] incomplete [D] interesting
6. ____B____, you need to discovery your own way to learn the language.
[A] of all First of all
[C] The first [D] of all the first
7. Successful language learners do not ____A____ the book or the teacher.
[A] depend on play with
[C] live with [D] look for
8. It is necessary for people to learn a language in order to ____B____ with the
people who speak it and to learn from them.
[A] disagree communicate
[C] practice [D] say
9. If your language learning has been less than successful, you might try some of
the ____A____ that successful language learners commonly use.
[A] techniques purposes
[C] patterns [D] clues
10. Successful language learners ____B____ make mistakes and try again.
[A] wait for a chance to are willing to
[C] are afraid to [D] find it difficult to
IV. Translate the following sentences into English
将下列各句译成英语。
1. 语言学习和其他种类的学习有所不同。
2. 他们不依赖书本或老师。
3. 我们学习英语是因为我们对英语感兴趣。
4. 为了与他们交流并向他们学习，我们有必要学习这门语言。
5. 你是哪种语言学习者呢？
答案：
1. 语言学习和其他种类的学习有所不同。
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
2. 他们不依赖书本或老师。
They do not depend on the book or the teacher.
3. 我们学习英语是因为我们对英语感兴趣。
We want to learn English because we are interested in it.
4. 为了与他们交流并向他们学习，我们有必要学习这门语言。
It is necessary for us to learn the language in order to communicate with them and
to learn from them.
5. 你是哪种语言学习者呢？
What kind of language learner are you?
补充练习
I. Fill in the blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.
different successful disagree similar independent communicate
incomplete outline inexact regularly
1. people need to _______ with each other for ever.
2. He didn’t want to _______ on his parents, so he made a living by selling
newspapers.
3. “please tell the ______ answer to this question.” The teacher asked with a
smile.
4. I _______ with if you have made up your mind to do that.
5. My wife and I have ________ tastes in music.
6. He ______ from his brother in learning a language.
7. He put down his ______ composition and went out to play football.
8. He is a man with ________ habits.
9. Before writing a composition, he wrote down an ______ at first.
10. He passed the entrance examination _______.
II. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the under lined word.
1. I give my guarantee that he will be here tomorrow.
A. assurance B. words C. saying D. idea
2. He is willing to make mistakes and try again.
A. prefer B. like C. would like to D. enjoy
3. His father disagree with him.
A. converse B. is against C. against D. conversely
4. He is interested in English.
A. is like B. is fond of C. is love D. excited
5. We can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.
A. not…but B. neither…nor… C. both…and D. or…or…
III. Choose the best answer.
1. Language ______ words which we put together into sentences.
A. inclucling B. consist in C. consists of D. is consisted of
2. one day an Englishman entered a restaurant and sat down ______ a table.
A. beside B. besides C. at D. by
3. _______ this way he meant to say “Bring me something to eat”.
A. by B. on C. to D. in
4. He not only likes pop music but also ______classical music.
A. like B. liked C. liking D. likes
5. people _______ do not understand each other’s language have to do the same.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
6. Neither John nor his parents ______ football fan.
A. is B. are C. being D. am
7. You ______ finish the job, now that we have got so far with it.
A. might well B. might do well C. might well to D. might do well to
8. You have ______ opportunities to speak English.
A. thousand of B. three thousand of C. thousands of D. thousands
9. He is used to ______ the language.
A. play B. played C. playing with D. play with
10. My sister ______ English every day.
A. practise to speak B. practise speaking C. practises to speak D.
practises speaking
11. He ______ the work independently these years.
A. do B. does C. has done D. has been doing
12. This is ______ you need.
A. what B. that C. this D. whether
13. It is necessary ______ him ______ learn English in order to go abroad.
A. to…to… B. to…for… C. for…to… D. in…to
14. Successful language learners are learners ______ are learners ______ a purpose.
A. on B. in C. to D. with
15. The teachers find it ______ to be a good teacher.
A. is difficult B. difficult C. difficulty D. being difficult
16. Some people think language learning is very difficult _______, some people think
it is very easy.
A. At once B. Converse C. Conversely D. Then
17. Today he is ______ his new black coat.
A. on B. in C. with D. at
18. It is important for me to try to think _________ English.
A. with B. of C. over D. in
19. They are ______ workers.
A. woman B. women C. woman’s D. women’s
20. First of all, China is a ________ country.
A. develop B. developed C. developing D. in developing
21. I should advise you ______ miss the chance.
A. to B. don’t to C. shouldn’t to D. not to
22. The girl ______ the violion is my sister.
A. is playing B. who playing C. playing D. who is played
23. She sat there ______ nothing.
A. doing B. done C. is doing D. do
24. It _____ for a whole month.
A. is raining B. raining C. has raining D. has been raining
25. A man from the South ______ feel that Beijing is very dry.
A. will B. shall C. would D. may
名词：noun----N
冠词: article
代词: pronun---pron
数词: numeral---Num
形容词:adjective----Adj
副词: adverb----Adv
动词: verb---V
介词: preposition--- prep
连词: conjunction---Conj
感叹词: interjection---Inter
I me my mine
you you your yours
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its its
we us our ours
they them their theirs
my water= mine
her apples = hers
one two
first second
heavy heavier heaviest
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
big bigger biggest
ill worse worst
good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
few fewer fewest
many more most
much more most
old older oldest
elder eldest
The more……the more
The more…… the better.
The more haste, the less speed.
动词：
Be is am are was were seem look smell feel sound
Can may must need will would shall should ought to dare
Do does did will have has had
Vi : look at \up \into\around\after\over\on
Unit 2
Text A
Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
income tax
stamp tax
tax-cuts
tax-free\ duty-free
见课文单词。
LESSoN TWo
TEXT A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
Americans often say that there are only two things (a person can be sure of in life):
death and taxes. Americans do not have a corner on the death market, but many people
feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.
Taxes consist of the money (which people pay to support their government). There
are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and
city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.
Salaried people (who earn more than a few thousand dollars) must pay a certain
percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from
person to person . It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated
income tax,( that is), the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a
persons income increases. (With the high cost of taxes,) people are not very happy on
April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota,
or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that
of the federal government. of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. other
states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item (which you buy in
that state). For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for
twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the
cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some
states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax
laws are diverse and confusing.
The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people
who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a
city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public
works and municipal buildings.
LESSoN TWo
TEXT A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
（续）
Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one
day each week just to pay their taxes. people always complain about taxes. They often
protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it
spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different
views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: Taxes are too high.
TEXT B
单词见课本
TEXT B Advertising
Advertising is only part of the total sales effort , but it is the part (that
attracts the most attention ). This is natural enough because advertising is designed
for just that purpose . In newspapers , in magazines , in the mail , on radio and
television , we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products
and services. For the most part , they are the kinds of things (that we can be
persuaded to buy ---- food and drinks, cars and television sets , furniture and
clothing, travel and leisure time activities ).
The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry
a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of
them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long . It is really a notice or
announcement( that something is available.)
Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores
or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a
limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many (who want to put out
their ads )use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were
developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short
messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch
the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan, which the
public identifies with the product.
The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and
music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.
Television ads are short ----usually only 15, 30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated
over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times . Commercial
television has mixed entertainment and advertising . If you want the entertainment ,
you have to put up with the advertising-----and millions of people want the
entertainment .
The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s
advertising. They must decide on the audience (they want to reach). They must also
decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also
make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large
companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.
课后练习题
I．根据句子的意思将括号中的词变成适当的形式。
1. The woman who ______ (speak) in the meeting was Mrs Jones.
2. It ______ (rain) hard when we let yesterday.
3. It is a week since he ______ (come back).
4. I didn’t go to the film, I ______(see) it.
5. The book is not so difficult as I ______(expect).
6. English ______(speak) all over the world.
7. She said the party ______ (postpone) till next Friday.
8. She ______ (be) in bed for three days.
9. He is not the man we ______(look for).
10. Ane asked Green where he ______(leave) the key.
II．根据句子的意思选择正确答案。
1. Health ______ good food, fresh air and enough sleep.
A. rely B. depend C. depends on D. consist of
2. How much do you ______ for a haircut?
A. charge with B. charge C. charge by D. charge in
3. He ______ get angry when people disagree with him.
A. insist to B. insist on C. tend D. tends to
4. The cities use these ______ for education, police and fire departments, public
works and municipal buildings.
A. money B. fund C. salary D. funds
5. The United States ______ the world ______ the worst taxes.
A. lead…with B. lead…by C. leads…in D. leads…with
6. I gave thirty ______ of my salary to my mother.
A. percent B. percents C. percentage D. percentages
7. ______ the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the
federal taxes are due.
A. on B. under C. with D. by
8. My skirt looks similar ______ yours.
A. with B. to C. about D. in
9. Some states use income tax ______ to sales tax to raise their revenues.
A. in addition B. additional C. in addition that D. in addition with
10. They say that it spends too much on useless and ______ programs.
A. practical B. unpractical C. impractical D. practice
11. They tend to ______ one subject taxes are too high.
A. agree B. agree with C. agree on D. agree to
12. please find out which is wrong. ________
A. public works B. LuXHum’s works C. ivon and steel works D. power works
13. I am surprised to see the ______ things.
A. confuse B. confused C. confusing D. confusion
14. He spends too much time ______ television everyday.
A. in B. on C. to D. at
15. The public identifies the slogan ______ the product.
A. to B. in C. with D. about
16. The most important purpose is no _______ the eye.
A. pull B. drag C. push D. catch
17. You have to ______ the hot weather in summer.
A. bears B. puts up with C. endures D. put up with
18. They must ______ the audience they want to reach.
A. determine on B. decide on C. determine to D. decide to
19. The group has ______ six people.
A. no more than B. not more than C. no more with D. no longer with
20. There is ________ one China and Taiwan is part of China.
A. however B. yet C. of D. but
21. My father saw him ______ the money.
A. steal B. steals C. stealed D. is stealing
22. Mr. Smith ______ me his car.
A. borrow B. borrowed C. lend D. lent
23. I warmed him ______ late.
A. is B. be C. to D. not to be
24. How _______ in such a short time?
A. all this can be done B. all can this be done
C. can all this be done D. this all can be done
25. Thinking of the coming summer holidays, the boys were ______ to sit still
anymore.
A. so excited B. so exciting C. too exciting D. too excited
26. I am sorry I have kept you ______ for many hours.
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waited
27. His job was ______ pigs and chicken.
A. rising B. raising C. rose D. raised
28. Because of the had weather our trip will have to be put ______.
A. in B. off C. by D. away
29. ______ she was a grandmother, she looked very young.
A. Besides B. Although C. In spite D. Because
30. The sudden change of weather resulted ______ the death of many young animals.
A. from B. in C. to D. on
Earn money Technology Make an intelligent decision Disagree;independent;incomplete;inexact;uncover; Waitress for =for example Travel trip journey voyage Bon voyage ! I was doing my homework while my mum was cooking. Well-educated ; well-organized ; Well-cultivated Conj. prep. Num. n. v. a. ad. Ad. Conj. Conj. pron. Ad. A. v. a. pron. prep. Inter. v. v.
keep from ; stop from ; block from;
prevent from
be willing to do/be unwilling to do
water at 100 degrees.
A: boiling B:boiled
C: boils D:is boiled
E: is boiling
Kilometer kilogram=kg
She is so beautiful that she is dismissed.
She is too beautiful to go to school.
You are too young to smoke.
You are so young that you can’t smoke.
Fall into fall in love
They fell in love at the first sight.
Bay gulf Gulf war
Supply sb. With sth.
provide sb.with sth.
offer sb. With sth.
She sells seashell on the seashore.
Road path: street: way: motorway:
Highway: freeway\expressway
EMS=Express mail service
Sidewalk : pavement
Shortcut
My mum will come to bj in 3 days.
My mum will come to bj within 3 days.
plane airplane aeroplane
Helicopter
Go fishing go shopping go golfing
Continue to do sth.
Artistic art artist
No more than = only = merely
Reflection
Comfort---comfortable---comfortably---uncomfortably---uncomfortable
Lunar lunar new year = spring festival
Sun---solar---solar system---solar power---solar energy
on this occasion
Execpt Besides
Except me, there were 6 people went to the cinema.
Beside me, there were 6 people went to the cinema.
Remember
Lit up
once a month twice a month
Three times a month
one third two thirds three fifths one second one half
Four and two fifths
Neighborhood childhood motherhood
psychology---psychologist---psychological---psychiatrist
Birdflu
Associate with
Meaningless
In random order----in good order
Well-organized
Needless to say----hard to say
Follow---follow me
Remember memorize
Recall keep in mind
Imagine doing
Mental----physical
The number of our class is 25.
A number of students are party members.
Numbers of books have been stolen.
Information that birdflu will be widespeaded is not true.
Information that he gave us is not true.
This type of machine.
This kind\sort of machine.
Typewriter ------typist
Those using imagery=those who are using imagery
Compare A with B
Compare to
poets always compare sleep to death.
Unit 4 Text B Short-term Memory
There are two kinds of memory : short-term and long-term .Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time (when it is needed) . The information may be kept for days or weeks . Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember . Students taking exams often have this experience .
psychiatrist
human rights
device/equipment/facility
mouse mice
set free
representative
advantage/ disadvant
keep record/break record
loud-speaker
awake/afraid/asleep/aloud
way/means/approach
social security system
education system
compare with
compare to
look after/ look up/ look into/ look at/ look over/ look on—looker on/ look around/look down upon
turn on/ off / up //down
begin to do sth. Begin doing
start to do sth.—start doing
please remember to turn off the light.
I remembered seeing you somewhere
Don’t forget to bring you book next time.
I forgot borrowing your money
Don’t forget to bring your money
I like swimming.
I like to swim now.
I hate smoking.
I hate to smoke now.
Regret to do/ regret doing
Late—later—latest—latter
He is a good worker with much experience.
I had two unforgettable experiences last summer.
In contrast , information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds , usually
by repeating the information over and over . For example , you look up a number in the
telephone book , and before you dial , you repeat the number over and over . If someone
interrupts you , you will probably forget the number . In laboratory studies , subjects
are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds (if they are not allowed to
repeat the letters to themselves) .
psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The
two experiments here show (how short-term memory has been studied .)
Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats . He used a special apparatus (which
had a cage for the rat and three doors) . There was a light in each door . First the
rat was placed in the closed cage . Next , one of the lights was turned on and then off
. There was food for the rat only at this door . After the light was turned off , the
rat had to wait a short time (before it was released from its cage)h . Then , if it
went to the correct door , it was rewarded with the food (that was there ). Hunter did
this experiment many times . He always turned on the lights in a random order . The rat
had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage . Hunter found
(that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds , it could not remember then correct
door ). Hunter’s results show (that rats have a short-term memory of about ten
seconds).
Later , Dr. Henning studied (how students who are learning English as a second
language remember vocabulary ). The subjects in bhis experiment were 75 students at the
University of California in Los Angeles . They represented all levels of ability in
English : beginning , intermediate , advanced , and native-speaking students.
To begin , the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a
paragraph in English . Following the recording , the subjects took a 15-question )Each
question had four choices . The subjects had to circle the word (they had heard in the
recording .) Some of the questions had four choices (that sound alike .) For example ,
weather , whether , wither , and wetter are four words (that sound alike .) Some of the
questions had four choices (that have the same meaning .) Method , way , manner , and
system would be four words with the same meaning . Some of them had four unrelated
choices . For instance , weather , method , love , and result could be used as four
unrelated words . Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test .
He was rewarded with 5000 yuan for his bravery.
I hate the eight-year old boy, for he is too naughty.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
课文：
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”
Most adults (who are learning a second language) would disagree with this
statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds
of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every
adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people (who
are very intelligent and __ (successful) in their fields) find it difficult to succeed
in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find
it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as
you can in the new language.” “practice speaking the language every day.” “Live
with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate – try to think in the new
language.” “Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
Henning found (that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their
mistakes on words that sound alike ; students with a higher proficiency made more of
their mistakes on words that have the same meaning .) Henning’s results suggest (that
beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory , while advanced
students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.
Make a choice
He suggested that I give up smoking.
His suggestion that I give up smoking was impossible.
Quantity—quality
primitive tribe
Brave
Civilized—civilization—civilize
Coke garlic—spring onion
Foreign friends/language
Abroad—go abroad
Go to foreign countries
Flesh/fat
Chewing gum
Helpless
Digestion/digest
Lemonade
Groundwork/base
Alkali
Butter
Combine with
Chief editor
Editor-in-chief mainly
Container
In fact
Regard as
Look as
The boss made me work 16 hours.
I was made to word 16 hours a day.
Married
Separate
Divorce
Supply sb. With sth.
provide sb. With sth.
offer sb. With sth.
LESSoN FIVE
TEXT A Fallacies about Food
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating
an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
They thought, (for example,) that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would
make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as
strong and brave as their enemies.
Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power
could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also
were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to
make people who ate them fall in love.
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up -- the idea that they were
poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they
could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas
during World War II.
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very
widespread.
one such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just
as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to
prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food
down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with
meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and
helps to digest the food.
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with
mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk
should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the
orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.
As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles
it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea
is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.
Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates
should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a
carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In
the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and
carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes
together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
Think of/ about/over
pest killer
Make fun of sb.
Be engaged in sth.
I am engaged in learning computer.---engagement
Calm/serious
Fog—foggy
Tomb
Stick to—transparent
Sticky tape
Muddy
Batman
Hardly
Hardly did I know their names.
Fashionable
old fashioned
out of fashion
Up-to-date out-of-date
Vary—various—variety
Boots
Intelligence—intelligent
Wise—wisdom
Be busy doing
Can’t help from doing
Find
Take good care of
Look after
As they are hardworking, hardworking as they are
Their thought must be very busy while they are engaged in these sports.
LESSoN FIVE TEXT B
Do Animals Think?
The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them
think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to
be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.
Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is true with some
insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races;
they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their
thoughts while (they are)engaged in these sports.
There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of
the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to
be very grave. The same is true of(prep.) the owl, who always looks as if he were
considering some important question.
Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searches for what it can use
in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build
their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in
arranging them, and in plastering them together with mud. Some spiders build houses
which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.
As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. The parrot learns to
talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to
imitate a great many different shounds. The horse is not long in learning many things
connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much
about most things as some other dogs, and yet he understands very well how to take care
of sheep.
Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their
ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest,
and it is always the same way. And so (it is true)of other animals. They have no new
fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new
ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.
Many of the things that animals know how to do(object.) they(subject.) seem to
know(v.) either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are
said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell what instinct is. It is by this
instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dams and huts. If these things
were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses, there would be some
changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.
I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a
young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where
there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his
building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets,
boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam.
Now,(语气词) if he had had his wits about(around) him, he would have known that there
was no use in building a dam where there was no water.
It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their senses as we do, they
do not think nearly as much about what they learn, and this is the reason why they do
not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not
think very much about what they see and hear. Nor
is this all. There are some things that we understand, but about which animals know
nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own
observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference
between right and wrong.
Engaged in these sports.
In this respect/aspect/
physical labor—blue collar
Mental labor—white collar
It is said/reported/believed/well-known/estimated
I got a bad cold yesterday
It is me who got a bad cold yesterday.
It is a bad cold that I got yesterday.
It is yesterday that I got a bad cold.
Clear, obviously
So am i. Now am I
Neither am i.
I like jazz. So does my brother.
I don’t I like smoking.
Nor does my brother.
neirther
LESSoN SIX TEXT B
The Difference Between plants And Animals
If you were asked, What is the difference between a plant and an animal? what
answer do you think you would give? Your first thought might be that a plant has leaves
and roots and flowers, which an animal has not. Yet that would not be correct; for
there are many plants which have neither roots nor leaves nor flowers, while there are
some animals which seem to have all three.
Look up into the sky, and then down at the earth beneath your feet. It is easy
enough, you think, to tell which is earth and which is sky; but if you live in the
wide, open country, or near the sea, you will often find when you look far away to the
place where sky and earth seem to meet, that this is a matter of some difficulty. You
see only the thin blue haze, like smoke, which is the dividing line between the heavens
and the earth. But just where the one ends and the other begins, you cannot tell.
Just so it is throughout all the world of Nature. You may look at a group of cows
standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and
you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.
But suppose you turn aside from these familiar, everyday things, and study objects
which you have to look at through a magnifying glass, and you will find many things
that will puzzle you. You will find plants without roots, leaves, flowers, or seeds;
and you will find animals without heads, legs, eyes, mouths, or stomachs.
Foggy\sunny\rainy\snowy\windy
Set aside\to turn aside from
Confuse---confused---confusing
puzzle----puzzling----puzzled
Melon-seeds
observe---observer---observation
Watch
Latter
Dweller
Narrow-------wide
Taste delicious
The ice-cream tastes delicious.
The idea sounds good.
Close---open
Shut up
Suck in
Be dissatisfied with
Happen occur
This animal lives on grass.
Take over----hand over
of\among
Tell a from b \ distinguish
Tell a story
Tell a lie
Heaven and hell.
If I were you , I would go abroad.
Students(researcher/scholar) of Nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they
observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object; and they see many
things which most people would fail to see. And thus they have found that the real
difference between plants and animals lies in what they do, and not in what they seem
to be.
We now know that about one fourth of all the kinds of seaweed are animals. A few
years ago all of them were classed as plants. It was long supposed that the main
difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the
latter could not. But this difference will not hold good.(established)
How then are we to know whether a living object is a plant or an animal? plants
can live on inorganic matter; they have the power of changing earth and air and water
into substances which enter into and become a part of themselves. Animals can live only
on what plants have already turned from inorganic to vegetable matter. Animals,
although they need some inorganic food, cannot live on it alone.
All the food that keeps our bodies strong, or makes them grow, was once in the
vegetable form. No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth,
if the plants had not come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order
of beings.
plants are the true fairies that are forever working wonders around us. Their
roots dig down into the earth and gather its treasures. Their leaves spread their broad
surfaces to the air and take in its riches; and out of what they have thus gathered
they produce the beautiful flowers, the delicious fruits, and the golden grain.
That arn computer well is important.
That we learn computer well is important.
I like the computer that my mum bought me on my birthday.
Three fourths
one third----two thirds
Human beings
I had learned 5000 words by the end of last year.
The plane had already taken off when I got to the airport.
Let us study more closely the way in which a plant grows. The root pushes itself down
into the earth. If it finds no water, it soon dies. If it finds water, it begins to
suck it up and change it into sap. Besides the water, it takes up such parts of the
soil as are dissolved in the water.
Here, then, you see in what ways the food of the plant is different from that of
animals.
No wonder you are late for it is so foggy today.
I wonder who will be the next president of the US.
Definite\indefinite
Marry to -----marry sb.
Marriage----get married
Grandfather----great grandfather
Forefather
Relation
Tradition
Basic---base---on the base of
Nuclear weapon\power
Extend ---- extension ----extended
Industry
post-war\post-graduated
Earn money\make money
Society---social---sociable
Like---be fond of ----care for----keen on
LESSoN SEVEN
TEXT A
Families
Family -- the word has different meanings for different people, and even the
dictionary gives us several definitions: a group of people related by blood or
marriage, two adults and their children, all those people descended from a common
ancestor, a household, and so on. Some people think of a family as a mother, a father,
and their children; others include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. For some
of us, family means the group of relatives living far away from home. For others,
having a family(gerund used for subject) simply means having children.(gerund used for
object) Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their
ancestors. No matter if (whether复合连接词) it is young or old, large or small,
traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. It is that feeling
of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and
sharing.
There are basically two types of families: nuclear families and extended
families. The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and father) and
their children. The mother and father form the nucleus, or center, of the nuclear
family. The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry. Then they
form new nuclear families.
The extended family is very large. There are often many nuclear families in one
extended family. An extended family includes children, parents, grand-parents, uncles,
aunts, and cousins. The members of an extended family are related by blood
(grandparents, parents, children, brothers, sisters, etc.) or by marriage (husbands,
wives, mothers-in-law, etc.). They are all related, so the members of an extended
family are called relatives. @
Regard as
No matter what= whatever
No matter how = however
No matter where = wherever
No matter when = whenever
Whatever do you want?
I will wait for you no matter where you are.
Be composed of ----make up of
Not ----until
I did not get up until 8.
Football is played by all over the world.
English is spoken by all the people.
I was bitten by a dog yesterday.
The book will be translated into 3 languages.
The book has been translated into 3 languages.
The book had been translated into 3 languages by the end of 1998.
The book can be translated into 3 languages.
The new subway is being built now.
Traditionally,(状语，修饰全句) all the members of an extended family lived in the
same area. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many
nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to(so as to ) find work. In
industrial societies today, the members of most nuclear families live together, but
most extended families do not live together. Therefore we can say that the nuclear
family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.
In post-industrial societies like the United States, even the nuclear family is
changing. The nuclear family is becoming smaller as(because) parents want fewer
children, and the number of childless families is increasing. Traditionally, the father
of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house
and the children. Today, more than 50% of the nuclear families in the United States are
two-earner families -- both the father and the mother earn money for the family -- and
in a few families the mother earns the money while the father takes care of the house
and the children. Many nuclear families are also splitting up -- more and more parents
are getting divorced.
What will be the result of this splitting of the nuclear family? Social scientists
now talk of two new family forms: the single parent family and the remarried family.
Almost 20% of all American families are single parent families, and in 85% of these
families the single find it difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon
marry again and form remarried families. As social scientists study these two new
family forms, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family
in the post-industrial age.
Sibling
DINK= double income and no kids
Who will in charge of your class ?
That is, or
I will take the umbrella if it rains.
As soon as he comes , he will tell me the truth.
Generate-----generation gap
part
He plays an important role in our class.
physical exercises\examination
Labor--------mental
emotionless
provide sb. With sth.= provide sth. For sb.
Supply --- offer
prepare
Main--- key----essential
predict
prefix
depend on\upon------dependence
independent from------independence
give up smoking-----give it up
we went to the Summer palace instead of going to the zoo.
He is busy preparing for his exam.
Be busy with doing
Can’t help(from) doing
I couldn’t help crying when I read the story.
LESSoN SEVEN (B)
The Changing American Family
The family is important to people all over the world although the structure of
the family is quite different from one country to another. In the United States, as in
many countries in the world, the family is changing. A generation or two ago, the
traditional family, in which the father was boss, was customary. Now, the modern
family, in which both the father and the mother are equal partners, is more common.
Although there are several similarities between the traditional and the modern family,
there are also some very important differences.
The traditional family of yesterday and the modern family of today have several
similarities. The traditional family was a nuclear family, and the modern family is,
too. The role of the father in the traditional family was to provide for his family.
Similarly, the father in the modern family is expected to do so, also. The mother in
the traditional family took care of the childrens physical and emotional needs just as
the modern mother does.
on the other hand, there are some great differences between the traditional
family and the modern family. The first important difference is in the mans role. The
traditional husband was the head of the household, because he was the only one who
worked outside the home. If the wife worked for pay, then the husband was not
considered to be a good provider. In many families today, both husband and wife work
for pay. Therefore, they share the role of head of household. In addition, the
traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the
modern husband shares these decisions with his working wife. Also, the traditional
husband did not help his wife with the housework or meal preparation. Dinner was ready
when he came home. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He
may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual for him to cook.
The second difference is in the womans role. In the traditional family, the
woman may have worked for pay during her first years of marriage. However, after she
became pregnant, she would usually give up her job. Her primary role was to take care
of her family and home. In contrast, in many families today, the modern woman works
outside the home even after she has children . Shes doing two jobs instead of one, so
she is busier than the traditional mother was. The traditional wife learned to live
within her husbands income. on the other hand, the modern wife does not have to (live
within her husband’s income) because the family has two incomes.
The final difference is in the role of the children. In the traditional family,
the children were taken care of by the mother because she did not work outside the
home. However, today preschool children may go to a child care center or to a
baby-sitter regularly because the mother works. The school-age children of a
traditional family were more dependent. Their mother was there to help them to get
ready for school and to make their breakfast. In contrast, modern children are more
independent. They have to get up early in the morning and get ready for school. Their
mother is busy getting ready for work, so they may even have to make their own
breakfast.
In conclusion, t of tod he American family ay is different from the family of
fifty years ago. In the modern family, the roles of the father, mother, and children
have changed as(because) more and more women work outside the home. The next century
may bring more important changes to the American family structure. It should be
interesting to see.
I am a sailor, and he is a sailor, too.
I am not psychiatrist and he is not, either.
To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
Children’s Day.
Women’s Day.
Teachers’ Day.
Let’s share the apple.
The room is shared by 4 girls.
Share-holder
I will help you with learning English.
Live within one’s income
Less and less
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
动词时态
动词的时态
备考要点：英语中常用的时态有12种。在英语（一）考试的词形填空题中，经常被测试的动词时态
有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时，且题目中一
般都有明显的时间暗示。
特别提示：
1）特殊记忆一些不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。
2）特殊记忆一些暗示一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时等时态的时间状语。具体
如下：
1.一般现在时
1) 一般现在时常与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, once a week等时间状语连用
。
2) 一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理。
3）第三人称单数作主语时，动词后要加-s
标志词：often, always, usually, every day, once a week
He takes a walk after supper every day.
How often do you wash your hair?
Sometimes information in the long-term memory is___ (be) hard to remember．(4B 2000 上
)
2.一般过去时
标志词：yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 1987
He lived in London when he was young.
In the l600’s，travelers from Europe_brought__ (bring) back diamonds from India．(6A
2000 上 )
3.一般将来时
Will (shall) + 动词原形
Am (is, are) going to +动词原形
Am (is, are) about to +动词原形
Am (is, are) to +动词原形
We’ll have to be careful in doing business with them.
4.现在进行时
Am (is, are) + doing
What are you doing?
I’m doing some washing.
5.现在完成时
1)现在完成时不能使用明确表示过去时间的状语，例如：yesterday, last week, in 1993等。
2)现在完成时可以和already, never, ever, not…yet等副词连用。@
3)现在完成时常和since引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的表一段时间的短语连用。
Have (has) + 过去分词
I haven’t seen her since 1991.
Have been sitting
Has’t paid
Had seen
Was making
Has been working
Am preparing
Has happened
The earth goes around the sun.
Water boils at 100 degrees.
He does’t take a walk after supper every day.
Does he take a walk after supper every day?
I am a teacher.
I am not a teacher.
Are you a teacher?
What’s your father?
What does your father do?
Be from com from
Where is your sister from?
Where does your sister come from?
It rains every Wednesday.
He goes to school by taxi every day.
How does he go to school every day.
What did you do 3 years ago?
Just now a moment ago
I received a gift just now.
He was a policeman a years ago.
Was were
Did
Say—said
Learn—learned/learnt
Read—read
Look—looked
Listen—listened
Speak—spoke
We will finish the course 3 weeks later.---in 3 weeks.
My mum will come to see me in 3 days.
My mum will come to see me within 3 days.
Will not=won’t
I won’t smoke.
I am having English class.
Look, they are playing the football.
Is your brother watching TV?
I am coming.
Go, come, arrive, leave, setoff,
She is leaving for HongKong.
I have had/kept the book for 3 weeks.
I have already learned 3000 words.
Have you ever been to SH?
I have never been there?
6.将来完成时
Will have +过去分词
By the time you are back this evening, I’ll have done all the work.
By the time we get to their house, they will have finished____(finish) supper. (2003上)
7.过去完成时
表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即“过去的过去”）。这个过去的某一时间
可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
By the time we got to the airport the plane had taken___(take) off. (2001 上)
常用动词的现在和过去分词
be Do Study Find Succeed Know Read Show Try Speak Hear Say Make
Think Have Bring Feel Lead pay Buy Cost Come See Hear put Catch Become
Break Build Drink Fall Fly Forget Give Hide Keep Lay Leave
Let Lose Meet Run Seek Sleep Stand Write Teach
1) Tom was 23 when his father _died_ (die).
2) practice alone _does not guarantee_ (not guarantee) success for an adult
language learner.
3) She _will tell_ (tell) you the news when you ask her to.
4) Who _invented_ (invent) the world’s first computer?
5) Language teachers often _offer_ (offer) advice to language learner.
6) The waiter soon _brought_ (bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook
his head.
7) Since his father died 3 years ago, he _has not paid_ (not pay) any taxes.
8) “What are you doing now?” “I _am preparing_ (prepare) my lessons for the
final exam.”
9) What _has happened_ (happen) here? There is blood on the floor.
10) In a hundred years time people _will go_ (go) to other planets for their
holidays.
1) Sometimes information in the long-term memory ____ (be) hard to remember．(4B 2000
上 )
2) In the l600’s，travelers from Europe____ (bring) back diamonds from India．(6A 2000
上 )
3) By the time we get to their house, they ____ (finish) supper. (2003上)
4) By the time we got to the airport the plane ____ (take) off. (2001 上)
5) All the food that __keeps__ (keep) our bodies strong, was once in the vegetable
form.( 6B 2003 上)
6) In 1964, the olympic Games in Tokyo __became__ (become) the first program to be
transmitted via satellite. (8A 2003 下 )
7) our region __has made__ (make) great advances over the past ten years. (2000 上)
8) In the recent past, medical researchers __have begun__ (begin) to emphasize the
fact that heart diseases are associated with stress, smoking and a lack of exercise.
(16A 2003 下)
Have you finished your paper yet?
I have’t finished the paper yet.
I have’t seen her for 14 years.
I have’t seen her since 14 years ago.
She has leaned dance since 5.
She has leaned dance for 20 years.
She has leaned dance since 20 years ago.
It is 3 years since we saw each other last.
I will have finished studying English by this time next year.
He will have studied for 5 years here by June next year.
The train had left when I got the station.
I had finished my supper when mum got home.
The film had already been on for half an hour.
He has been away from home for 3 years.
Fly—flew—flown
Lie—lied—lied
Lie—lay—lain
Lay—laid—laid
>第33讲 第八单元讲解
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
9) The number of violent acts on televisions in the past years __has increased__
increase) from about 19 to 27 per hour. (15A 2004 上)
10) Your mind _will keep___ (keep) up with your reading speed if you ask it to. (12B
2004 上)
KEY:
1) is
2) brought
3) will have finished
4) had taken
5) keeps
6) became
7) has made
8) have begun
9) has increased
10) keeps
1) Language learning research _-s_ (show) that successful language learners are
similar in many ways.
2) Successful learners _do not wait_ (not wait) for a chance to use the
language.
3) The Atlantic ocean is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus
_crossed_ (cross) it.
4) one of the longest mountain ranges of the world _rises_ (rise) from the floor
of the Atlantic.
5) Information that _does not make_ (not make) any sense to you is difficult to
remember.
6) Traditionally, all the members of an extended family _lived_ (live) in the
same area.
7) At the beginning of the twentieth century, there _were_ (be) four powerful
means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances
8) In 1975, many people in India _saw_ (see) television for the first time as
they watched programs about agriculture and health.
9) Science _had_ (have) its beginning when man started asking questions about
his environment.
10) When the sorting is completed, there _will be_ (be) for each word anywhere from
two or three to several hundred quotations, each on its card.
11) An insurance agent _called_ (call) me this morning.
12) A young father who _purchases_ (purchase) a fairly small life insurance policy
agrees to pay a sum of $200 every year for 40 years.
13) Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to
violent programs _had increased_ (increase) significantly.
14) one afternoon while she _was preparing_ (prepare) dinner in her kitchen, Anne
peters, a 32-year-old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest
accompanied by shortness of breath.
In the final analysis, we think that although fitness will not guarantee that you
_will live_ (live) longer, it can help you enjoy the years you do live.
By through
Transmission
Tele-telescope
Trans-cross
Transport. Transplant. Translate.
Eatablished
Track
Vision, visible, invisible
Be able to
Forecast—foretell
Limitation
Well-educated
Educational system
Remote controller
At the same time
Meanwhile
private
personality
Harmful
Be harmful for/to
Application form
Apply for
I’d like to apply for a visa to America.
Apply to
I can apply this method to my teaching.
Applicant
LESSoN EIGHT
TEXT
Telecommunication via Satellite
At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were four powerful means of
transmitting and receiving information over long distances: print, photography,
telegraph, and telephone. By the middle of the century, both radio and television had
become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures. In 1964, the olympic
Games in Tokyo became the first program to be transmitted via satellite.
In order to transmit an event such as the olympics via satellite, television
signals are first changed into radio waves, which are then sent from a station on earth
to an orbiting satellite. The satellite receives the radio waves and sends them back to
earth, where another station picks them up and changes them back into television
signals. Because any form of sound or visual information can be changed into radio
waves, satellites are capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts, but
telephone calls and printed materials such as books and magazines.
The combination of satellites,(s) which transmit information, computers,(s) which
store information, and television,(s) which displays information, will change every
home into(o) an education and entertainment center. In theory, every person will have
access to an unlimited amount of information.
Another important use of telecommunication satellites was demonstrated in 1974
when the Teacher in Sky satellite transmitted educational programs to classes in remote
areas of the United States. In 1975, many people in India saw television for the first
time as(when) they watched programs about agriculture and health.
The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in
isolated areas where transportation is difficult. For example, a health worker in an
isolated area was able to transmit pictures of a patients wound to a doctor far away.
He was then able to follow the doctors instructions on how to care for the patient.
The most common use of telecommunication satellites, however, has been for
transmitting telephone calls.
自考英语(一)通关网络版 >第35讲 第八单元B课文讲解
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
Most of them travel 40,000 miles to a satellite and then back to earth. Ten years
ago, a satellite was capable of receiving and transmitting more than 33,000 telephone
conversations simultaneously. Now a single satellite is able to transmit over l00,000
conversations as well as several television channels -- all at the same time.
Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use
quickly and easily, but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy. If
personal information is stored in computers, then it may be easily transmitted via
satellite to anyone who can pay for the service.
Another worry is that telecommunication systems may isolate people from each
other. When people are able to shop from their homes, do their banking without leaving
the house, watch any movie they want on their television, as well as get any
information they need, then there will not be as much contact between people.
It is important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.
We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology. As one
telecommunication expert says, We must remember that technology alone is not the
answer...It is (the intelligent application of technology) that will lead us to
success.
It+be+强调部分+that(who)分句
It is my brother who is listening to the jazz.
It was in Beijing that they met each other for the first time.
LESSoN EIGHT (B)
TEXT B
What people Dont Know about Air
The air around us is important to everyone. Without air, we could not
exist.(subjunctive) Everyone understands that. But air is necessary in many other ways
-- ways that are not always so obvious or widely known.
For example, if we did not have air, there would be no sound. Sound travels through
air. Where there is no air,(状从) there is no sound.(主句)
The letter can be written with pen and\or ballpen.
Gasoline=gas station
Stare at=fix at
Create---creative---creation---creativity
Elementary
Depend on\upon
Rely on\upon
If we didn’t have air, we could not exit.
Without air, there would be no fire. There would be no cars or trucks, since motors
need air in order to work.
Without air, there would be no wind or clouds. There would be no weather, as we
know it.(结构：状、意义：定) The night time would be very cold and the days very hot.
We would be forced to seek shelter from the sun, as there would be no atmosphere to
protect us from the suns deadly rays.
The atmosphere is all the air surrounding the earth. Atmospheric pressure is the
weight of all that air against the surface of the earth. If we did not have atmospheric
pressure, we could not have automobile tires. The tires would burst if they did not
have the pressure of the atmosphere against their surfaces.
Large and powerful,(being large and powerful) the atmosphere consists of an ocean
of gases hundreds of miles high. It presses down on our bodies with a force of more
than fourteen pounds per square inch. The narrow column of air which rests upon our
shoulders weighs almost 2,000 pounds. But our bodies are built in such a way that this
weight does not crush us.
In this huge ocean of air there is more energy than in all the coal, oil, and gas
that we have on earth. Electrical energy is collected in the atmosphere as water is
collected and stored in a dam. The existence of electricity in the air has been known
for centuries. Men have gazed in wonder at the bright patterns of lightning in storm
clouds. But a thorough study of electricity in the atmosphere was not possible until
the development of radio and radar.
one scientist, Dr. Sydney Chapman, has tried to explain the electric field which
surrounds the earth. He believes that the great storms on the sun create large amounts
of electric energy. This energy is contained in a very light gas called hydrogen. The
earth pulls the gas toward it, and a ring is formed around the earth several thousand
feet above its surface. The great space ring is a powerful current of electrical
energy. Sometimes the ring comes down and curves into the lower atmosphere, causing
strange electrical effects.
Dr. Chapmans ideas explain many things. It has long been known that there is an
electric field inside the earth. It(electric field) moves in much the same manner as
the electric energy contained in the atmosphere. Scientists now believe that the
electric energy in the atmosphere causes the electric energy inside the earth to flow.
If we can learn to control the energy in the atmosphere, we will have an unending
supply of energy. Many scientists are trying to learn how to control it. In the
meantime, even those of us who are not scientists have begun to pay attention to air.
We realize that air does not contain the same elements that it contained years ago.
Automobiles, airplanes, factories, and atomic explosions have added dust and waste
gases to the atmosphere. It is time to learn how to protect our atmosphere, the roof
over the world of man.
If I were you, I would give up smoking.
Were I you, I would give up smoking.
If you went now, you could see him.
If you had taken my advice, you would have got success.
Had you taken my advice, you would have got success.
It is important that our earth should be protected form pollution.
It is necessary that he read English every day.
条件从句， ＋主句
If there were no air, there would be no wind.
Were there no air, there would be no wind.
Without air, there would be no wind.
If …, … .
与现在相反：If+过去式， would (should) + 动词原形
If I were you, I would reconsider their proposal.
If the manager were here, he might make a decision.
与过去相反：
If+过去完成时(had+过去分词), should (would) + have +过去分词
If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.
If he hadn’t been ill, he might have come.
Had he not been ill, he might have come.
与将来相反：
If+should +动词原形 (were+动词不定式)，should (would) + 动词原形
If he should fail, we should encourage him to try again.
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
省略条件从句中的if
如果条件从句的谓语包含有had, should 或were，有时if 可以省略。
If he had not been ill, he might have come.
Had he not been ill, he might have come.
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
Were I to do it, I would do it in a different way.
If it should rain tomorrow, what could we do?
Should it rain tomorrow, what could we do?
主语从句
下列结构中，从句用“动词原形”或“should+动词原形”
It is necessary (important, essential, advisable, ordered, proposed, requested,
suggested, recommended, demanded ) that…
It is necessary that he __ there at once.
Send; sent; is sent; be sent
Send; sends; sent; be sent
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be held at some other time.
宾语从句
下列动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“动词原形”或“should+动词原形”
suggest, insist, recommend, propose, require, request, demand
They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult.
We insisted that Mr. Brown chair the meeting.
Wish后的宾语从句表未实现的主观愿望
动词形式
用法
过去式
表当时未实现的愿望
过去完成式
表过去未实现的愿望
过去将来式
表将来不大可能实现的愿望
I would rather _walk__ (walk) home.
I would rather you __walked_ (walk) home.
I wish I were as young as you.
We wish he hadn’t gone.
It is time that…
It is time _to go_ (go) to school.
It is time you _went_ (go) to school.
巩固练习
They wish there __ (be) much water and air on the moon.
If fish were the best brain food, many people _would eat_ (will, eat) more fish than
usual to improve their memory.
If we _did not have_ (not, have) air, there would be no sound.
It is recommended that he _apply_ (apply) for a position in an international bank.
If we _had been_ (have, be) more careful, such mistakes could have been avoided.
If her pains _had been caused_ (have, cause) by a heart attack and not by panic, she
would probably have been operated on in the hospital.
Without air, the night time _would be_ (will, be) very cold and the days very hot.
I would rather he _bought_ (buy) the house next year.
I wish man _could build_ (can, build) a nest which is as good as one built by birds.
It is desirable that both the father and mother _earn_ (earn) money for the family.
If we ______ (not, have) air, there would be no sound. （8B 2000上）
If we did not have atmospheric pressure, we __could not have__ (can, not, have)
automobile tires. (8B 2003 下)
要是昨天他早一点回到家，他的女儿就不会把他的手表拆了。（2000上）
If he had come home a little earlier yesterday, his daughter would not have taken apart
his watch ．
wish, would rather (sooner)后的虚拟语气
I didn‘t go to the party, but I do wish I ___(be) there. (2002 下)
We often hear old people wishing they ___ young again .
[A] are were
[C] had been [D] will be
(2001 上)
从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。
备考要点：
特殊记忆教材p542-3页上所涉及到的词汇。
LESSoN SIX TEXT A
Diamonds
Diamonds are rare, beautiful, and also quite useful. They are the hardest
substance found in nature. That means a diamond can cut any other surface. And only
another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.
Diamonds are made from carbon. Carbon is found in all living things, both plant
and animal.
Substantial
Coal
press
Gas---solid---liquid
Melt away
popularity
This type of Mp3 is popular with the college students.
Red stone---jewel
Form-----fill in\out the form
Tube baby
A little bit
Lift---escalator
Damage
Fat
She had two romantic experiences last summer.
He is an old worker with much experience.
Mine
At once----right away----one minute
The desk is made of wood.
The wine is made from grape.
The paper is made in China.
Time is running out.
We are running out of coffee.
Sort=kind---all kinds of =all sorts of
Sticky tape-----cling to
Impress---impression
Fatty
Brazilian
Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into
diamonds. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot, liquid mass of molten rock deep
inside the earth. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed
upward through cracks in the earths crust. As the liquid cooled, the carbon changed
into diamond crystals.
There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.
The first known(famous) area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of
years ago. In the 1600s, travelers from Europe brought back these beautiful stones from
India. Diamonds became very (be)popular with the kings and queens of Europe.
In the 1720s, diamonds were discovered in Brazil. This discovery came at a good
time, too. Indias supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2,500 years of
mining the stones.
In the 1800s, two other important areas were found in Russia and South Africa.
Today, most diamonds used in industry come from Russia. Most diamonds used as gems come
from South Africa. only twenty-five percent of all diamonds mined are good enough for
cutting into gems.
Most of the diamonds in India were found in stream beds. people would pick up
handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds. These
diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of
moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago.
Most diamonds today are not found in stream beds, however. They are mined from
rock formations deep inside the earth called pipes. Scientists believe that these are
parts of volcanoes that were formed when molten rock pushed upward through the earths
crust. The hard rock in which diamonds are found is called blue ground, because it is
somewhat blue. The blue ground is blasted into large pieces of rock which are carried
to the surface by elevator. Then the rocks are carefully crushed so that the diamonds
are not destroyed. Next, the crushed material is taken over to washing tables. Here, it
flows over boards thickly coated with grease. Since diamonds stick to grease, they are
left behind by the rocks and mud which flow down the tables.
It is said\reported\estimated\known\
Well-known----unknown
He is a well-known musician.
Unknown number
pick out
I will pick out 10 of you to attend the contest.
Diamonds, as they are found, do not look very impressive. They are gray,
greasy-looking pebbles. Experienced diamond miners can tell(distinguish) a diamond
immediately. But some people have carried around(about) an unusual pebble for weeks
before finding out that they had got a diamond.
LESSoN NINE TEXT A
Learned Words and popular Words
In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, (taken
together, ---过去分词短语作条件状语，相当于if the two great classes of words are taken
together)make up the whole vocabulary.
Could you tell A from B?
Cultivate ----cultivation
Well-cultivated
Stock market---stock exchange
Educate---education---educated
Well-educated
Be acquaint with
Informal
High
They were highly praised by their teacher.
I am used to the life style.
Important---importance
Lively
In case
I will take the umbrella in case it rains.
In the case---in this case---in that case
In that case , I had nothing to say.
Derivation
Adult
Apply for
I will apply for the visa to US.
Apply to
I won’t apply the method to you.
Application-----applicant
Application form
Classify----class
First class----economy class---grade
Convenience----inconvenient---inconvenience
Is it convenient for you to meet me at 4 tomorrow afternoon?
Avoid doing
I must avoid meeting you again.
Misunderstand---mislead---mistake.
present---absent
Generally speaking,
A puma at large
Appear
owing to ----because of
First, there are those words (with which we become familiar in ordinary
conversation), which we learn，that is to say, from the members of our own family and
from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who speak the
language. Such words may be called popular, since they belong to the people at large
and are not the possession of a limited class only.
on the other hand, our language includes a large number of words (which are
relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation). Their meanings are known to every
educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home. our first
acquaintance with them comes not from our mothers lips or from the talk of our
classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal
conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an
elevated style. Such words are called learned, and the difference between them and
popular words is of great importance to a right understanding of language.
The difference between popular and learned words may be easily seen in a few
examples. We may describe a girl as lively or as vivacious. In the first case, we are
using a native English word formed from the familiar noun life. In the latter, we are
using a Latin derivative which has exactly the same meaning. Yet the atmosphere of the
two words is quite different. No one ever got the adjective lively out of a book. It is
a part of everybodys vocabulary. We cannot remember a time (when we did not know it),
and we feel sure that we learned it long before we were able to read. on the other
hand, we must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word
vivacious. We may even remember the first time that we saw it in print or heard it from
some grown-up friend. Both lively and vivacious are good English words, but lively is
popular and vivacious is learned.
The terms popular and learned, as applied to words, are not absolute definitions.
No two persons have the same stock of words, and the same word may be popular in one
mans vocabulary and learned in anothers. There are also different grades of popularity.
Still, the classification into learned and popular is convenient and sound. Different
opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word, but there can be
no difference of opinion about the general principle. We must be careful, however, to
avoid misconception. When we call a word popular, we do not mean that it is a favorite
word, but simply that it belongs to the people as a whole -- that is, it is everybodys
word, not the possession of a limited number. When we call a word learned we do not
mean that it is used by learned persons alone, but simply that its presence in the
English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the
actual needs of ordinary conversation.
Former
I prefer the former to the latter.
Late---later----latest----latter
3 days later, 3 years later
Latest=newest
Do you like the latest style?
2. As is known, light much faster than sound.
A. traveled B. travels C. is traveling D. has traveled
3. The teacher told the students that the earth around the sun.
A. went B. goes C. will go D. has gone
4. We always for each other and each other.
A. care; help B. cared; help C. care; helped D. will care; help
5. The train at eight 0’clock tonight.
A. will start B. starts C. is to start D. has started
6. I’d like to have a talk with you, but very busy now.
A. will be B. am C. was D. am not
7. When they school, they will go back to their hometown.
A. will leave B. leave C. are to leave D. will have left
8. —When again?
—When he , I’ll let you know.
A. he comes; comes B. will he comes; will come
C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes;
9. The boy even won’t have his lunch before his mother back from work.
A. will come B. came C. comes D. is coming
10. Hand in your papers when you the test.
A. are finishing B. will finish C. will have finished D. have
finished
11. I’ll begin the dictation when you ready.
A. were B. will be C. are D. have been
12. Let’s get in the wheat before the sun .
A. will set B. was set C. would set D. sets
13. Don’t get off the bus until it .
A. will stop B. stopped C. has stopped D. stops
14. We will start as soon as our team leader back.
A. comes B. will come C. came D. is to come
15. If it tomorrow we’ll stay at home.
A. will rain B. were C. rained D. rains
16. —Would you care for a cup of tea?
—I mine. Thank you just the same.
A. did have B. had C. have had D. have
17. Before liberation my father only one meal a day.
A. had had B. used to have C. would have D. was having
18. When I was your age, I long hours.
A. work B. will work C. worked D. had worked
19. He used to have breakfast at nine when he alone. But nowadays he
it at eight.
A. lives; had B. lived; has C. had lived; had had D. lived; is having
20. Sorry, I you so busy.
A. don’t know; are B. didn’t know; were C. did know; were D. do know; were
21. Hello! I you in Beijing. How long have you been here?
A. don’t know; were B. hadn’t known; are C. didn’t know; were D. haven’t
known; are
（所发资料40页）
1. I don’t know if the teacher us in the party next week.
A. joins B. has joined C. will join D. is joining
2. They have just decided that they up the job.
A. take B. have taken C. took D. won’t take
3. I my key and can’t enter the house.
A. lost B. had lost C. have lost D. lose
4. I two tickets for the football match. Would you like to go with me?
A. got B. have got C. had got D. get
5. Your parents for you everywhere. Go back quickly!
A. looked B. are looking C. look D. have looked
6. The couple each other since their school days.
A. have know B. has known C. knows D. know
7. — that letter?
—Yes. I it when I tidied the drawer.
A. Did you find, have found B. Did you find, has found
C. Have you found, found D. Have you found, have found
8. The police found the house and a lot of things .
A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolen
C. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen
9. Mary told me that she to the supermarket before coming home.
A. went B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
10. Don’t worry. This isn’t the last test. These another one in two weeks.
A. will be going to B. will be C. is D. has been
(所发资料39页)
1、 If I __________ where he lived I ___________ a note to him.
A. knew; would send B. had known; would have sent C. know; would send D. knew; would
have sent
2、 If they _______ earlier than expected, they _______ here now.
A. had started; would be B. started; might be C. had started; would have been D. will
start; might have been
3、 I didn’t know his telephone number. _______ it, I ______ then.
A. Had I known; would ring him up B. Should I know; would have rung him up
C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up
4、 Mary is ill today. If she __________, she _______ absent from school.
A. were not ill; wouldn’t be B. had been ill; wouldn’t have been
C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn’t been ill; could be
5、 Were I to do it, I _____ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
6、 I ______ him the answer _______ possible, but I was so busy then.
A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it
C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be
7、 Without your help, we _______ so much.
A. won’t achieve B. didn’t achieve C. don’t achieve D. wouldn’t have
achieved
8、 You didn’t take his advice. __________ his advice, you _______ such a mistake.
A. Had you taken; wouldn’t have made B. If you had taken; would make
C. Were you to take; shouldn’t have made D. have you taken; won’t have made
9、 We wish we _______ what you did when we were at high school.
A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do
10、she wishes she _______ to the theatre last night.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going
（所发资料85页）
1. If I ______ ten years younger, I ______ very happy.
A. were, would be B. am, shall be C. were, shall be D. am, would be
2. ------ You can ask your brother for help.
------ He is not at home. If he _______ , I ______ .
A. is, wood B. were, would C. is, will D. were, will
3. If you _______ the doctor’s advice, you would have already recovered.
A. follow B. followed C. would follow D. had followed
4. If he had not missed the train, he ______ by then.
A. might get B. might have got C. got D. had got
5. What would you have done last night, if you ______ to write your homework?
A. hadn’t B. haven’t had C. didn’t have D. hadn’t had
6. ------ Did you catch the plane:
------ No, if I had hurried, I ______ .
A. would B. would have C. could D. did
7. Why didn’t you tell him the truth? If I ________ you, I would have.
A. were B. had been C. am D. would be
8. ------ How do you like the party?
------ Wonderful. If you had come with us, you _____ a good time.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had
9. If I _______ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper.
A. didn’t run B. shouldn’t run C. haven’t run D. hadn’t run
10. If you _____ early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon.
A. have started B. were start C. were to start D. had started
11. If you _____ to the moon one day, you would find it quite different from the
earth.
A. travel B. had traveled C. should travel D. have traveled
12. What _______ yesterday if you ________ TV programmer.
A. would you do, hadn’t watch B. would you have done, hadn’t watched
C. could you do, didn’t watch D. would you have done, didn’t watch
13. ----- Are you thinking about going to Dalian for the vacation?
----- No, but if I ______ time, I _______ very glad to go there.
A. have, will be B. had had, would have been C. had, would be D. had had, would
be
14. ------ My boss often made me work day and night.
------ If I _______ you, I ______ able to decide.
A. am, will give up B. had been you, would have given up
C. were, would give up D. had been you, would give up
15. If you tell me all about it, I ______ able to decide.
A. would be B. could be C. were D. shall be
16. If you ________ George, would you please tell him to ring me ?
A. saw B. were to C. have seen D. see
17. I’m sure he hasn’t sent the letter. If he _______ it, I _______ it.
A. sent, got B. sent, have got C. sent, would go D. had sent, would have got
18. ------ Sally finally got here from Chicago.
------ If she ______ earlier, we ______ her to the party then.
A. came, would take B. had come, would have taken C. comes, will take D. had
known, would take
19. I don’t know whether to take the medicine at once. If I ______, I _______ it.
A. knew, would take B. had known, would have taken C. knew, would have taken D.
had known, would take
20. ------ Did you need any help with your maths last night?
------ No. If I ______ , I ______ you.
A. had, would have called B. had, would call C. had needed, would have called D.
had needed, would call
Be used to + N
Used to +v
I used to get up at 6.
I am used to playing tennis in the morning.
Eats
Whether
If you had taken my advice yesterday, you would be fine now.
Should have done
Shouldn’t have done
You should have given up smoking.
You shouldn’t have stolen his money.
ought to
Started
1. vp (were)
2. were to +v原
3. should+ v原
should start
produce V
product N
production= out put
Security system
Mean to do
Mean doing
prefer A to B
Clearly----obviously
person----personality
enlarge
deepen
sharpen
minimum
sharpener
be aware of ---be unaware of
He is not aware of his pain at all.
Accurate
At ease
This medicine can ease your pain.
Encounter
Begin to do = begin doing
Start to do = start doing
Supply sb. With sth.
TEXT B
How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary?
Through Context
When students in a college class were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading, eighty-four percent said, Look it up in the dictionary. If you do, however, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.
But theres another reason. Suppose someone asks you what the word fast means. You answer, swift. But does it mean that in such contexts as fast color, fast woman, or fast friend ? And if a horse is fast, is it securely tied or running at top speed? It could be either. It ahll depends. on the dictionary? No, on context -- on how the word is actually used. After all there are over twenty different meanings for fast in the dictionary. But the dictionary doesnt tell you which meaning is intended. Thats why it makes such good sense to begin with context.
Through Word parts
Now for the next step. often new words contain one or more parts, which, if recognized, provide specific help with meaning. Suppose you read that someone had a preference for reading travel books. The context certainly isnt too helpful. But do you see a prefix, suffix, or root that you know? Well, theres the familiar prefix pre-, meaning before. Look back at the context and try inserting before. Reading travel books apparently comes before other kinds of reading. Yes, a preference is something put before something else.
Your second step, then, is to look for familiar word parts. If they do not give you exact meaning, they should at least bring you much closer.
Now you can see why you should consult the dictionary last, not first. Youve looked carefully at context. Youve looked for familiar word parts. Now you play Sherlock Holmes -- an exciting role. You guess. What exactly does that strange word mean? only when you go through the mental exercises to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if youre right.
Transport
happiness
unhappy
careful
carelessness
try to do sth.
Try doing sth.
I will try to help you with your English.
The front door is lock, why don’t you try entering from the back door.
You play an important role\part in your class.
An exciting game
I felt so excited.
This book is interesting, and I am interested in it.
only you can solve the problem.
only in this way can you solve the problem.
After all, those first two steps or approaches spark a stronger than usual interest
in that dictionary definition. Youre now personally involved. Did you find out the word
meaning? Your heightened interest will lead to better memory of both word and meaning.
It also encourages your development of the habits needed to speed your progress. And
when you see in black and white the definition you had expected, what a feeling of
success is yours. In that way, the CpD Formula provides you with maximum effectiveness.
Well, there it is, your new formula---Contextual , parts , Dictionary . Use it ! The
exercise which follow will give you specific , step-by-step help in sharpening your
awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the
dictionary with increased accuracy and ease. The results will be like money in the
bank.
The car accident leads to 33 deaths.
The 33 deaths lead from the car accident.
Develop a habit = form a habit
Develop a film
Speed up -----slow dow
How clever you are!
What a clever girl you are !
How fast you run !
Anything else ?
I have something important to tell you .
Science----scientific---scientist---scientifically
Environmental protection
surroundings
curious
imagine---imagine doing sth.
I can’t imagine your sleeping at the class.
Aperture
Take apart
Stimulation
Well-known---unknown number
I like the previous headmaster.
Former---latter
Disagree with sb.
Disagree to do sth.
Disagreement
Unhappy
LESSoN TEN
TEXT A
Scientific Attitudes
Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment.
He wondered where the sun went at night and why the sky was blue. He questioned why the
wind blew and the leaves fell. He sought answers to these and other questions. Not all(
部分否定) his answers were correct, but at least he did want to know.
Curiosity and Imagination
Science began to develop rapidly when man laid aside his wrong beliefs and began
to seek true explanations. Young children are curious about how things work. The child
wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work.
Fail -----succeed
Failure----success
Solve
Solute N \ adj
opinion----thoughts
Adaptation
Adopt
perfection -----perfectible
practice makes perfect.
Accept ---- unacceptable
Receive
Accept ---refuse
I received an invitation.
I accepted their invitation.
Completely ----- totally
Frequency-----often
A piece of evidence
Result
Determine to do sth.
Determine on\upon sth.
Determination
Decide to do sth. ----decision
Grow---grew---grown
Grown-up
To set aside
Lay----laid----laid
Lie----lay----lain
Lie----lied----lied
carry on
Take no care of
Ahead of
According to
Look down upon
Make fun of sb.
In the evening -----on Monday evening
In the morning ------ on a sunny morning
Benjamin Frankin wondered about(at) lightning. He combined his curiosity with
imagination and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightning and an
electric spark are the same thing. Curiosity and imagination are important qualities
which help(to) stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.
Belief in Cause and Effect
Scientifically minded people(副词+过去分词+名词) believe in a “cause-and-effect”
relationship. They feel there is a perfectly natural explanation for everything. For
example, there is a good reason why some leaves turn red and others yellow in the fall.
Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena. Some common
phenomena, however, are not completely understood. Still others cannot be explained at
all at this time. In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of
view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.
Being open-Minded
open-mindedness is also extremely important to a scientific attitude. This means
the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously
thought. It includes an ability to accept new and sometimes even disagreeable ideas.
The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasant or unpleasant. He must
expect many failures and be willing to try again. Thomas Edison failed thousands of
times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.
The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance. Scientists must be able
to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are
discovered. The mind cannot be made up once and for all. New knowledge may make a
change in thinking necessary. This is another way of saying that man’s understanding
is always less than perfect. What is accepted as true often is relatively, and not
absolutely, true. A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in
the light of what is known at a particular time.
Respect for the Views of others
Another part of a scientific attitude is respect for the views of others. This is
easy when these views are like one’s own. The difficulty comes up when their ideas are
different. Views which are entirely new or foreign(strange) may also be hard to accept.
He is curios about everything around him.
Want , require , need
The flower wants watering.
The flower wants to be watered.
The room needs cleaning .
The room needs to be cleaned.
Highly-praised plan;
Well-educated children;
Well-decorated house;
Well-cultivated field;
Newly-arrived visitors;
Well-organized class;
New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted. Scientists such as Galileo, Louis
pasteur, and Edward Jenner were laughed at because they held theories that were not
accepted. Respect for new ideas is important for continued progress in all fields of
knowledge.
opinions Based on Evidence
Sometimes evidence is not complete. It may take time for new facts to become
available. When they are available, a person may have to change his mind. New findings
may also require a “wait-and-see” attitude. For example, there is an experiment on
the sprouting of seeds which has been running for more than 50 years. The purpose is to
determine how long a time seeds can be buried in the ground and still grow when proper
conditions for growth exist.
It+takes+somebody(宾格)+时间(金钱，等)+to do
花费时间（金钱，等）去做某事
It took him five minutes to solve the problem.
It takes many hands to do the work.
It took me 150 dollars to buy this coat.
附加习题及答案下载
不规则动词
不定式 过去式 过去分词 不定式 过去式 过去分词
awake Awoke Awaken Eat Ate Eaten
be Was, were Been Fall fell fallen
Bear Bore Born/borne Feel Felt felt
Beat Beat Beaten Fight Fought fought
Become Became Become Find Found found
Begin Began Begun Flee Fled fled
Blow Blew Blown Fly Flew flown
Bend Bent Bent Forbid forbade, forbad forbidden
Break Broke Broken Forget Forgot forgot, forgotten
Bring Brought Brought Freeze Froze frozen
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Get Got Got, gotten
Build Built Built Give Gave given
Burn Burnt, burned Burnt, burned Go Went gone
Burst Burst Burst Grow Grew grown
Buy Bought Bought Hang Hanged, hung Hanged, hung
Cast Cast Cast Have Had Had
Catch Caught Caught Hear Heard Heard
Choose Chose Chosen Hide Hid Hidden
Come Came Come Hit Hit Hit
Cut Cut Cut Hold Held Held
Dig Dug Dug Hurt Hurt Hurt
Do Did Done Keep Kept Kept
Draw Drew Drawn Kneel Knelt Knelt
Dream Dreamt, dreamed Dreamt, dreamed Know Knew Known
Drink Drank Drunk Lay Laid Laid
Drive Drove Driven Lead Led led
Lean Leant, leaned Leant, leaned Sing Sang Sung
Learn Learnt, learned Learnt, learned Sink Sank Sunk
Leave Left Left Sit Sat Sat
Lend Lent Lent Sleep Slept Slept
Let Let Let Smell Smelt Smelt
Lie Lay Lain Speak Spoke Spoken
Light Lit, lighted Lit, lighted Spend Spent Spent
不定式 过去式 过去分词 不定式 过去式 过去分词
Rid Rid Rid Swim Swam Swum
Ride Rode Ridden Take Took Taken
Ring Rang Rung Teach Taught Taught
Rise Rose Risen Tear Tore Torn
Run Ran Run Tell Told Told
Say Said Said Think Thought Thought
See Saw Seen Throw Threw Thrown
Sell Sold Sold Understand Understood Understood
Send Sent Sent Wake Woke Woken
Set Set Set Wear Wore Woken
Sew Sewed Sewn Weave Wove Woven
Shake Shook Shaken Weep Wept Wept
Shine Shone, shined Shone, shined Win Won Won
Shoot Shot Shot Wind Wound, winded Wound, winded
Show Showed Shown Write Wrote Written
Shut Shut Shut
练习四
1．Water at 100°C
A. boils B. is to boil C. will boil D. boiled
2. As is known, light much faster than sound.
A. traveled B. travels C. is traveling D. has traveled
3. The teacher told the students that the earth around the sun.
A. went B. goes C. will go D. has gone
4. We always for each other and each other.
A. care; help B. cared; help C. care; helped D. will care; help
5. The train at eight 0’clock tonight.
A. will start B. starts C. is to start D. has started
6. I’d like to have a talk with you, but very busy now.
A. will be B. am C. was D. am not
7. When they school, they will go back to their hometown.
A. will leave B. leave C. are to leave D. will have left
8. —When again?
—When he , I’ll let you know.
A. he comes; comes B. will he comes; will come
C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes;
9. The boy even won’t have his lunch before his mother back from work.
A. will come B. came C. comes D. is coming
10. Hand in your papers when you the test.
A. are finishing B. will finish C. will have finished D. have finished
11. I’ll begin the dictation when you ready.
A. were B. will be C. are D. have been
12. Let’s get in the wheat before the sun .
A. will set B. was set C. would set D. sets
13. Don’t get off the bus until it .
A. will stop B. stopped C. has stopped D. stops
14. We will start as soon as our team leader back.
A. comes B. will come C. came D. is to come
15. If it tomorrow we’ll stay at home.
A. will rain B. were C. rained D. rains
16. —Would you care for a cup of tea?
—I mine. Thank you just the same.
A. did have B. had C. have had D. have
17. Before liberation my father only one meal a day.
A. had had B. used to have C. would have D. was having
18. When I was your age, I long hours.
A. work B. will work C. worked D. had worked
19. He used to have breakfast at nine when he alone. But nowadays he it at eight.
A. lives; had B. lived; has C. had lived; had had D. lived; is having
20. Sorry, I you so busy.
A. don’t know; are B. didn’t know; were C. did know; were D. do know; were
21. Hello! I you in Beijing. How long have you been here?
A. don’t know; were B. hadn’t known; are C. didn’t know; were D. haven’t known; are
22. James has just arrived, but I he until yesterday.
A. will know; will come B. didn’t know; was coming
C. didn’t know; had been coming D. don’t know; comes
23. —Have you ever been to Scotland?
—Yes. I there last summer.
A. were B. have been C. have gone D. went
24. It is ten years since I you last.
A. have seen B. see C. saw D. had seen
25. There is a police car in front of our neighbor’s house. What do you suppose ?
A. is happened B. has happened C. would happen D. did happen
26. Our team every match so far this year, but we still three games to play.
A. was winning; will have B. had won; had
C. has won; had D. has won; have
27. —I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
—Oh, not at all. I here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. have come C. was D. came
28. —I here three days ago.
—Where these days?
A. got; have you gone B. have got; have you gone
C. got; have you been D. had got; have you been.
29. He the army for three years.
A. has joined B. had left C. returned to D. has been in
30. I haven’t seen you for quite a long time. What you lately?
A. did; do B. were; doing C. have; been doing D. had; done
31. When I got to the railway station, the train already .
A. has; left B. did; leave C. had left D. would; leave
32. When I got to the cinema, the film for half an hour.
A. had started B. has finished C. had been on D. ended
33. —How many new words you by the end of last term?
—About 2000.
A. did; learned B. had; learned C. have; learned D. would; learn
34. By the time he was twelve, Edison to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
35. By this time tomorrow we the work.
A. have finished B. shall have finished C. will finish D. are to finish
36. —Will he finish the work soon?
—Yes, he it by next Monday.
A. will have finished B. finishes C. is to finish D. has finished
37. After driving for 40 miles, the driver suddenly realized he in the wrong direction.
A. drove B. was driving C. had been driving D. has driven
38. When she graduates from this school next month, she here for six years.
A. will have studied B. studied C. will be studying D. has been studying
39. On his next birthday he married for ten years.
A. has got B. will be C. will have been D. will have got
40. he said that he able to see me when he that letter.
A. will be; wore B. was; has written
C. would be; had written D. would be; would have written
41. Tom into the house when no one .
A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked
C. slipped; had looked D. was slipped; looked
42. —Come in, Peter. I want to show you something.
—Oh, how nice of you. I you to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; were going D. hadn’t thought; were going
43. When I was at college I three foreign languages, but I all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten
44. When Jack arrived he learned Mary for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
45. The students busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she in the office.
A. has written; left B. were writing; has left
C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left
46. My dictionary . I have looked for it every where but still it.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
47. —How long each other before they married?
—For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
48. —Do you know our town at all?
—No, this is the first time I here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. was coming
49. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he office soon.
A. leave B. would leave C. left D. had left
50. I don’t really work here. I until the new secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out
51. —Nancy is not coming tonight.
—But she !
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
52. Shirley a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
53. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
—I am tired. I the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
54. The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
55. —Hey, look where you are going!
—Oh, I’m terribly sorry
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
56. —You’re drinking too much.
—Only at home. No one me but you.
A. is seeing B. had seen C. sees D. saw
57. —You’ve left the light on.
—Oh, so I have. And turn it off
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going
58. —How are you today?
—Oh, I as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
59. The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
60. —Is this raincoat yours?
—No, mine there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung
经典习题（40页）
1. I don’t know if the teacher us in the party next week.
A. joins B. has joined C. will join D. is joining
2. They have just decided that they up the job.
A. take B. have taken C. took D. won’t take
3. I my key and can’t enter the house.
A. lost B. had lost C. have lost D. lose
4. I two tickets for the football match. Would you like to go with me?
A. got B. have got C. had got D. get
5. Your parents for you everywhere. Go back quickly!
A. looked B. are looking C. look D. have looked
6. The couple each other since their school days.
A. have know B. has known C. knows D. know
7. — that letter?
—Yes. I it when I tidied the drawer.
A. Did you find, have found B. Did you find, has found
C. Have you found, found D. Have you found, have found
8. The police found the house and a lot of things .
A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolen
C. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen
9. Mary told me that she to the supermarket before coming home.
A. went B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
10. Don’t worry. This isn’t the last test. These another one in two weeks.
A. will be going to B. will be C. is D. has been
11.The plane is on the point of taking off. This sentence means the plane____.
A. is about to taking off B. is going to taking off
C. is about take off D. shall take off
12. When I arrived home he _______ for almost one hour.
A. had left B. left C. had been away D. was away
13. — Did you wait for very long.
---- yes . I ____ to bed until five in the morning.
A. did go B. didn’t go C. had not gone D. went
14. my father ______to Beijing on business since 1984.
A. often goes B. has often been C. often went D. is often going
15.—what is happening in the new area?
----new houses ____recently over there.
A. are built B. build c have built D. have been built
16.----I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. How long ?
-----I _____ here for you since noon.
A. waited B. have been waiting C. had waited D. had been waiting
17. How many years ago ____ in the town?
A. did you live B. have you lived C. had you lived D. do you live
18.Her mother has been sick ______ in last Monday.
A. for B. since C. x D. during
19. --- Is Nancy living here?
--- yes, she _____ here in the past four weeks .
A. lived B. lives C. is living D. has been living
20.--- Did you see Bob this morning?
--- Yes, at nine he ______TV at home .
A. has watched B. had watched C. was watching D. had been watching
21.—Are Alice and Tom still living in New York ?
A. No ,they _____ Dallas. B. had just moved C. have just moved D. will just moved
22.London ______ an important city for centuries . and it _______ important .
A. are just moved B. was, will be C. is , is D. has been , was
23. --- Do you know Mr. Zhou ?
--- A. Yes, I ______ for a long time.
A. know B. is knowing C. have known D. knew
24. When we met them in the street , they ____ to the film .
A. were going B. had gone C. would go D went
25.I ________ all the work to be completed as soon as I _______ .
A. shall expect ,return B. expect , have returned
C. expect , shall return D. have expected , have returned
26. The dog _______ her on the leg when she ______ it.
A. was biting , was catching B. bit , caught
C. bit , was catching D. had bit , had caught
27. The hardworking student _______ a good rest ever since the month before last .
A. had not had B. has not had C. did not have D. does not have
28. He wondered whether I ______ the birthday party the next day.
A. will B. attended C. had attended D. would attend
29. She decided to take a second course since she _____ the first one.
A. has completed B. is completing C. had completed D. will complete
30. I’m afraid it will be two weeks ______.
A. when I come back B. when I’ll come back
C. before I come back D. before I’ll come back
31. She is very cold to me. She told me her name after I ______ her twice.
A. ask B. have asked C. asked D. had asked
32. I ______ go on the trip, when it began to rain.
A. was to B. was going to C. would D. was about to
33. –Where is John?
--He ______ to town for two hours.
A. has gone B. went C. has been away D. was away
34. Please don’t bring me some books next time you ______.
A. will come B. come C. are come D. is coming
35. The doctor ______ on the patient presently; he has not yet pre0ared himself for the operation.
A. is operating B. will operate C. has operated D. has been operating
36. Joe ______, but when she saw me she ______.
A. was dancing, stopped B. danced, stopped
C. had danced, was stopping D. had danced, stopped
37. Everybody knew that the football games ______ if there ______ such a terrible rain storm once more.
A. would stop, would be B. would stop, had been
C. would stop, was D. would have stopped, was
38. We were all surprised when be made it clear that he ______ office soon.
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
39. Mary ______ to see you. She ______ for you downstairs at the moment.
A. has come, is waiting B. came, is waiting
C. has come, waited D. came, was waiting
40. You ______ many peasant children on the threshing ground whenever a film ______.
A. see, shows B. will see, is showing C. have seen, is shown D. are seeing, shows
41. –The possibility of a flood was just reported over the radio.
--Yes, I heard about it. The river ______ the top of its bank.
A. reached B. was reaching C. had reached D. has reached
42. I ______ a glass while I ______ the dinner yesterday.
A. has broken, was cooking B. was breaking, cooked
C. had broken, was cooking D. broke, was cooking
43. I ______ him for the first time in 1988, so in 1998, I ______ him for ten years.
A. met, knew B. met, had known C. was meeting, know D. would met, had known
44. He looked rather pale, for he ______ ill for a week.
A. was B. has been C. would be D. had been
45. When Mother got home, I was pretty fed up, because I ______ since eight o’clock.
A. had been waiting B. waited C. was waiting D. had waited
46. By six o’clock yesterday morning I ______ here for twelve hours.
A. worked B. was working C. had worked D. would worked
47. The ten-year-old girl ______ the piano from the age of five, so she ______ it for five years.
A. had studied, had studied B. studied, had studied
C. studied, studied D. had studied, studied
48. That dinner was the most expensive meal we ______.
A. would have B. had C. had ever had D. have ever had
49. –Let’s hurry. The film will begin soon.
--Oh, yes, but I ______ afraid that it ______.
A. was, already began B. was, had already begun
C. am, already began D. am, has already begun
50. Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I ______ in public.
A. will speak B. speak C. spoke D. have spoken
51. –We should have walked to the station; it was not so far.
--Yes, a taxi _______ necessary al all.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be
52. You are late again. What ______ to you this time?
A. happened B. was happening C. has happened D. is happening
53. Mrs. Smith ______ busily when I went back for the bag I _______ in the office.
A. was typing, have left B. had typed, left
C. was typing, had left D. had typed, had left
54. –Have you decided already?
--Yes, I ______ at once.
A. decided B. have decided C. will decide D. decide
55. “you haven’t met Mr. Warner yet.” I ______ you ______ last week.
A. think, did B. think, do C. thought, did D. thought, do
56. The population in China ______ to one and a half billion by the year 2000.
A. will increase B. will be increased
C. will have increased D. will have been increased
57. – Are you better now?
-- No, it’s so bad. But I’m very glad that you have often helped me since I ______ ill.
A. have been B. was C. is D. had been
58. Can I go out for a walk when I ______ my homework?
A. do B. did C. will do D. have done
59. I recognized him at once, for I ______ somewhere.
A. have seen B. had seen C. saw D. would see
60. I enjoy Lu Xun’s works, so I ______ three of his books.
A. have been reading B. am reading C. read D. have read
61. –Did you meet Ann here at the university?
--Yes, we ______ when I started college.
A. have already met B. had already met C. would meet D. met
62. It ______ and the street was still wet.
A. had been raining B. was raining C. had rained D. all the above
63. I ______ for three hours when he called.
A. was working B. worked C. would work D. had been working
64. –Did you go to Dalian for the vacation?
--No, I ______ to, but I got sick.
A. planned B. have planned C. would plan D. had planned
65. I haven’t heard form him _______.
A. since two weeks before B. for two weeks
C. for two weeks ago D. since two weeks
66. If they ______ as I ______ them, they would complete it in time.
A. did, told B. did, had told C. had done, had told D. had done, told
67. The situation there was much worse than he______.
A. expected B. had expected C. has expected D. would expected
68. They won’t believe until they ______ it by themselves.
A. will see B. saw C. have seen D. will have seen
69. It ______ yesterday after it ______ dry for many months.
A. rained, had been B. was raining, was C. was raining, has been D. rained, has been
70. The foreigners praised the workers for what they ______.
A. had done B. had been doing C. was dong D. all the above
71. –Have you graduated from college?
--Yes, I ______ there for four years.
A. study B. studied C. have studied D. had studied
72. Hello! Glad to meet you here. I ______ you ______ in London too.
A. don’t know, were B. don’t know, are C. didn’t know, were D. didn’t know, are
73. I should very much like to have gone to the party, but ______.
A. nobody had told me to B. I had not been invited
C. I was not invited D. all the above
74. The man ______ on the free way for almost an hour when he ______ he should come back.
A. was, told B. had been, was told C. had been, told D. was, was told
75. Please don’t enter the room, because it ______.
A. has been painted B. is painted C. is painting D. is being painted
76. –Why is it so noisy in the next room?
--Because the five children ______for three hours and their parents ______ the house since they got up.
A. have been up, have gone B. had got up, have left
C. have been up, have left D. have got up, have been away from
77. My dictionary ______ and I have looked for it everywhere but still ______ it.
A. has lost, don’t find B. is lost, don’t find
C. has lost , haven’t found D. is lost, haven’t found
78. That will be the second cigarette he ______ today.
A. smoked B. has smoked C. had smoked D. would smoke
79. I don’t think Tom can help you, for he ______ to the market.
A. has gone B. has been C. goes D. went
80. I was tired when you saw me yesterday afternoon because I ______.
A. had been running B. ran C. would run D. has run
练习六（39页）
1、 If I __________ where he lived I ___________ a note to him.
A. knew; would send B. had known; would have sent C. know; would send D. knew; would have sent
2、 If they _______ earlier than expected, they _______ here now.
A. had started; would be B. started; might be C. had started; would have been D. will start; might have been
3、 I didn’t know his telephone number. _______ it, I ______ then.
A. Had I known; would ring him up B. Should I know; would have rung him up
C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up
4、 Mary is ill today. If she __________, she _______ absent from school.
A. were not ill; wouldn’t be B. had been ill; wouldn’t have been
C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn’t been ill; could be
5、 Were I to do it, I _____ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
6、 I ______ him the answer _______ possible, but I was so busy then.
A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it
C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be
7、 Without your help, we _______ so much.
A. won’t achieve B. didn’t achieve C. don’t achieve D. wouldn’t have achieved
8、 You didn’t take his advice. __________ his advice, you _______ such a mistake.
A. Had you taken; wouldn’t have made B. If you had taken; would make
C. Were you to take; shouldn’t have made D. have you taken; won’t have made
9、 We wish we _______ what you did when we were at high school.
A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do
10、she wishes she _______ to the theatre last night.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going
11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ______ be tall when he grows up.
A. could B. should C. would D. were able to
12. My sister advised me that I _______ accept the invitation.
A. could B. must C. should D. might
13. He asks that he ______ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.
A. is given B. must given C. should give D. be given
14. He asked that the message ______ to Mr. Li immediately.
A. be given B. was given C. had been given D. should given
15. The officer commanded that his men ______ what they had seen in the street.
A. must report B. had reported C. would report D. report
16. Father demanded that we _______ home as soon as the school is over.
A. might return B. must re turn C. should return D. ought to return
17. He desires that Mary _______ him at once.
A. sees B. must see C. will see D. see
18. I ordered that the gate ______ as it was dark..
A. must lock B. be locked C. had been locked D. was locked
19. I propose that Mr. Johnson ______ the chairman.
A. must be B. will be C. can be D. be
20. She requested that the heavy box _______ upstairs.
A. had been carried B. be carried C. would carry D. must be carried
21. The boss requires that Smith ______ all night.
A. works B. will work C. must work D. work
22. I suggest that the sports meet _______.
A. must be put off B. be put off C. should put off D. would put off
23. The manager suggested that she ________ another day.
A. come B. came C. would come D. comes
24. I insisted that he ________ at once.
A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go
25. Li Ming insisted that he ______ anything at all.
A. hadn’t stolen B. shouldn’t steal C. doesn’t steal D. steal
26. The advice that the mercy _______ to them sounds reasonable.
A. should give B. be given C. would give D. will be given
27. The orders came that we _______ at once.
A. will start B. must start C. start D. started
28. I agreed with the plan that she _______ New York this winter.
A. would visit B. had visited C. visit D. must have visited
29. What do you think of Wang Fang’s suggestion that he ______ Mr. Li to the party?
A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite
30. The teacher gave orders that the students _______ in their papers after class.
A. would hand B. will hand C. had handed D. should hand
31. It is important that we ______ his advice on how to learn English.
A. have taken B. would take C. should take D. will take
32. It is quite natural that my coming late again _______ them very angry.
A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make
33. It was necessary that I ______ my promise.
A. must keep B. kept C. should keep D. had kept
34. It is strange that Mr. Wang ________ such silly mistakes.
A. has made B. makes C. made D. make
35. It will be better that you ______ it in a different way.
A. do B. would do C. will do D. have done
36. He acted as if he ______ everything in the world.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won’t know
37. The teacher loves her as if she _______ his own daughter.
A. were B. would be C. is D. will be
38. You looked as if you _____ very sad yesterday.
A. were B. had been C. are D. would be
39. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.
A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heard
40. They got up early in order that they ______ the first train.
A. caught B.will catch C. might catch D. shall catch
41. I am sorry that he ______ in such poor health.
A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be
42. That is a good book. You _____ it yesterday.
A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought
43. It is high time we _____ home.
A. will go B. would go C. have gone D. went
44. I’d rather that you _____ to bed.
A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone
45. If only I ______ to the lecture!
A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened
46. ------- If he _______, he _______ that food.
------- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
B. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
47. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ______ she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
48.Without electricity, human life ______ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
49. He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
50. -------- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
-------- Oh, did you? You _____ with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
经典习题
1. If I ______ ten years younger, I ______ very happy.
A. were, would be B. am, shall be C. were, shall be D. am, would be
2. ------ You can ask your brother for help.
------ He is not at home. If he _______ , I ______ .
A. is, wood B. were, would C. is, will D. were, will
3. If you _______ the doctor’s advice, you would have already recovered.
A. follow B. followed C. would follow D. had followed
4. If he had not missed the train, he ______ by then.
A. might get B. might have got C. got D. had got
5. What would you have done last night, if you ______ to write your homework?
A. hadn’t B. haven’t had C. didn’t have D. hadn’t had
6. ------ Did you catch the plane:
------ No, if I had hurried, I ______ .
A. would B. would have C. could D. did
7. Why didn’t you tell him the truth? If I ________ you, I would have.
A. were B. had been C. am D. would be
8. ------ How do you like the party?
------ Wonderful. If you had come with us, you _____ a good time.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had
9. If I _______ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper.
A. didn’t run B. shouldn’t run C. haven’t run D. hadn’t run
10. If you _____ early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon.
A. have started B. were start C. were to start D. had started
11. If you _____ to the moon one day, you would find it quite different from the earth.
A. travel B. had traveled C. should travel D. have traveled
12. What _______ yesterday if you ________ TV programme.
A. would you do, hadn’t watch B. would you have done, hadn’t watched
C. could you do, didn’t watch D. would you have done, didn’t watch
13. ----- Are you thinking about going to Dalian for the vacation?
----- No, but if I ______ time, I _______ very glad to go there.
A. have, will be B. had had, would have been C. had, would be D. had had, would be
14. ------ My boss often made me work day and night.
------ If I _______ you, I ______ able to decide.
A. am, will give up B. had been you, would have given up
C. were, would give up D. had been you, would give up
15. If you tell me all about it, I ______ able to decide.
A. would be B. could be C. were D. shall be
16. If you ________ George, would you please tell him to ring me ?
A. saw B. were to C. have seen D. see
17. I’m sure he hasn’t sent the letter. If he _______ it, I _______ it.
A. sent, got B. sent, have got C. sent, would go D. had sent, would have got
18. ------ Sally finally got here from Chicago.
------ If she ______ earlier, we ______ her to the party then.
A. came, would take B. had come, would have taken C. comes, will take D. had known, would take
19. I don’t know whether to take the medicine at once. If I ______, I _______ it.
A. knew, would take B. had known, would have taken C. knew, would have taken D. had known, would take
20. ------ Did you need any help with your mathes last night?
------ No. If I ______ , I ______ you.
A. had, would have called B. had, would call C. had needed, would have called D. had needed, would call
21. I don’t think he’ll attend the party, and _____ he attend it what would he wear?
A. were B. had C. should D. did
22. ________ she a man, she would run for president.
A. If were B. Were C. Be D. Is
23. _______ you were coming today, I would have met you at the railway station.
A. Have I known B. I have known C. Had I known D. I had known
24. ________ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Was he leaving B. If he leaves C. Were he to leave D. If he is leaving
25. Had you driven more slowly, the accident _____ .
A. might not happen B. might not have happened C. didn’t happen D. hadn’t happened
26. ______ I see him, I shall let you know.
A. Shall B. Can C. May D. Should
27. It’s impossible that it will rain. But if it _____ we would put off the plan.
A. were to rain B. had rained C. rains D. would rain
28. I’ll never fail, but if I _______ , I’d try again.
A. were fail B. had failed C. fails D. should fail
29. It looks as if they _____ the truth, but in fact they are not.
A. are telling B. tell C. told D. were telling
30. It rained and rained, as if it _______ .
A. never stopped B. had never stopped C. never stops D. would never stop
31. It seems as if I ______ about it as soon as it happened.
A. told B. has told C. had told D. would tell
32. I’m sorry I don’t know his address. I wish I ______ it .
A. ’ve known B. ’d known C. knew D. know
33. ----- Did you leave early last night?
----- Yes, but I wish I ______ so early.
A. didn’t leave B. hadn’t left C. haven’t left D. was not leaving
34. I wish he ______ with us, but I’m sorry he isn’t coming.
A. is coming B. would come C. came D. had come
35. He insisted that nothing ______ till he arrived.
A. must be started B. ought to be started C. could be started D. should be started
36. Tom suggests that Ann _______ the house.
A. can sell B. sells C. sell D. sold
37. It’s better that he ______ it from you.
A. ’ll hear B. hears C. should hear D. heard
38. It was necessary that he ______ about what had happened.
A. be told B. was told C. should tell D. tell
39. It’s astonishing that she _______ sad at the news that it has nothing to do with her.
A. felt B. should feel C. ’ll feel D. would feel
40. It was strange that we ____ short of water in the country where it was always raining.
A. are B. be C. should be D. both B and C
41. I would buy that car, if I ______ enough money.
A. have B. had C. will have D. had had
42. Ford might have come to school in time for Professor Smith’s lecture, ________ .
A. if he got up earlier B. unless he has got up earlier C. but he got up rather late D. but he had got up so late
43. ______ their help in the past years, he would be living a hard life and might even have starved to death.
A. With B. If it were not for C. If it had not been for D. If not
44. If it had not rained yesterday, the ground ________ muddy now.
A. is not B. will not be C. would not be D. would not have beeen
45. You ______ any difficulty now, if you had made a more careful plan.
A. won’t meet with B. would not meet with C. would not have met with D. have not met with
46. He did his best in everything, ______ he would not have been what he was.
A. and B. but C. study D. have studied
47. ----- What would you wish to do if you were to be a college student again?
----- That’s very hard to say, but I wish I _________ biology when I was a college student.
A. had studied B. studied C. study D. have studied
48. ----- You should have gone to the show with us yesterday. It’s very good.
----- I wished I _____ , but I was busy with my report.
A. had B. did C. would have D. were
49. Mr. Johnson said angrily, “Don’t order me about, as if I _____ your wife. I’m not. We are both the boss’s men.”
A. were B. am C. would be D. had been
50. ______ the thick fence, he would have been more fearful.
A. But for B. Without C. If it were not for D. both A and B
51. He talked as if he _____ to Beijing, but I knew he hadn’t.
A. went B. were C. had been D. would have been
52. ------ would you have told him the answer, if possible?
------ Yes, I would have, but I ______ very busy.
A. had been B. were C. was D. would be
53. If he ______ in England, what language could he probably speak now?
A. were born B. had been born C. would have been born D. was born
54. If we ____ Steven’s advice, we would not be lost in the forest.
A. took B. had taken C. have taken D. would take
55. If the government had built more houses for the homeless people after the earthquake, the housing problems now in some parts of the city ______ so serious now.
A. wouldn’t be B. will not have been C. wouldn’t have been D. would have not been
56. What a heavy rain it is! If we _______ the rain coat, we wouldn’t _______ in the rain.
A. had put on, be walking B. put on, walk
C. put on, be walking D. should put on, walk
57. ---- Why is the window broken?
---- If I _______ care, it ______ .
A. took, wouldn’t happen B. had taken, wouldn’t have happened
C. took, wouldn’t have happened D. had taken, wouldn’t happen
58. ----- Do you think the thief entered through the side door?
----- No, if he had, he ______ the living room window.
A. would break B. would have broken C. wouldn’t break D. wouldn’t have broken
59. I ___ one of Tom’s paintings, but if I had, he would have given it to me.
A. wanted B. want C. didn’t want D. don’t want
60. I’ve forgotten his telephone number. If I ________ it down, I _____ you now.
A. put, would have told B. put, would tell
C. had put, would have told D. had put, would tell
61. It is strange that she _____ marry such an ugly man.
A. would B. should C. shall D. must
62. It’s not right that the meeting _______ off till tomorrow.
A. must be put B. must put C. will be put D. be put
63. It was impossible that he _____ the train, for he had started out very early.
A. could have missed B. must have missed C. should have missed D. should miss
64. It’s a pity that he _______ such a good chance.
A. should miss B. should have missed C. has missed D. all the above
65. He tried to find some excuse for the debt, but I insisted that he ______ it off at once.
A. must pay B. ought to pay C. paid D. pay
66. Mr. Ford insisted that he ________ right, though the others didn’t think so.
A. should do B. should have done C. had done D. did
67. His pale face suggested that he ______ the sad news.
A. should be told B. should have been told C. was told D. had been told
68. He suggested that we _______ here at once.
A. should leave B. must leave C. left D. ought to leave
69. My order is that everyone _______ their own work in time.
A. must complete B. completed C. completes D. complete
70. We’ve made the decision that we _______ at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.
A. will gather B. are about to gather C. would gather D. should gather
71. ----- I’ll be waiting for you at home.
----- _______ I were busy and couldn’t come?
A. What if B. What when C. How if D. How when
72. After he was praised for what he had done, he said, “I ______ even better under harder conditions.”
A. would do B. would have done C. did D. had done
73. It has been raining for a day, but even though it _____ , we ______ there by tomorrow.
A. hadn’t rained, couldn’t get B. hadn’t rained, can’t get C. didn’t rain, couldn’t get D. didn’t rain, can’t get
74. We could not have succeeded ______ your help.
A. but for B. without C. if it had not been for D. all the above
75. I dare say he is not your true friend, because a true friend ______ differently when you were in trouble.
A. acted B. had acted C. would act D. would have acted
76. Remember, science requires your whole life, and even if you ______ two lives, they ______ enough.
A. have, is B. have, isn’t C. had, would be D. had , wouldn’t be
77. It was a hard work, but divided into groups, we ______ it easily.
A. might completed B. might have completed C. completed D. had completed
78. If only I _______ his advice, but I’m sorry I didn’t.
A. would not take B. would not have taken C. didn’t take D. hadn’t taken
79. ------- Do you want the door to be painted green?
------- I would rather it ______ blue.
A. would be painted B. is painted C. will be painted D. was painted
80. It’s time we ______ to the concert.
A. went B. go C. will go D. should go
答案：
(P30-33)
1 2B 3 B 4A 5B 6B 7B 8D 9C 10D 11C 12D 13C 14A 15D 16C 17B 18C 19B 20B
21C 22B 23D 24C 25B 26D 27A 28C 29D 30C 31C 32C 33B 34C 35B 36A 37C 38A 39C 40D
41A 42B 43B 44D 45D 46D 47D 48B 49B 50C 51B 52D 53C 54C 55B 56C 57A 58D 59A 60A
(P40-44)
1C 2D 3C 4B 5B 6A 7C 8D 9B 10B 11C 12C 13B 14B 15D 16B 17A 18B 19D 20C
21C 22A 23C 24A 25B 26B 27B 28D 29C 30C 31D 32D 33C 34B 35B 36A 37C 38B 39A 40B
41D 42D 43B 44D 45A 46C 47B 48C 49B 50D 51A 52A 53C 54A 55C 56C 57A 58D 59B 60D
61D 62D 63D 64D 65B 66B 67B 68C 69A 70D 71B 72C 73D 74B 75D 76A 77D 78B 79A 80A
(P39-41练习六)
1B 2A 3D 4A 5B 6C 7D 8A 9B 10C 11C 12C 13D 14A 15D 16C 17D 18B 19D 20B
21D 22B 23A 24B 25A 26B 27C 28C 29D 30D 31C 32D 33C 34D 35A 36A 37A 38B 39A 40C
41D 42C 43D 44A 45B 46B 47D 48D 49A 50A
(P85-89)
1A 2B 3D 4B 5D 6B 7B 8D 9D 10C 11C 12B 13C 14B 15D 16D 17D 18B 19A 20C
21C 22B 23C 24C 25B 26D 27A 28D 29D 30D 31C 32C 33B 34B 35D 36C 37C 38A 39B 40D
41B 42C 43C 44C 45B 46C 47A 48A 49A 50D 51C 52C 53B 54B 55A 56A 57B 58D 59C 60D
61B 62D 63C 64D 65D 66C 67D 68A 69D 70D 71A 72B 73B 74D 75D 76D 77B 78B 79C 80D
！
LESSoN TEN (B)
TEXT B
Solving problems Scientifically
There are scientific ways in which man solves problems. once his curiosity has
been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge and
greater understanding. Although the methods are not always the same, there are usually
certain elements in the procedures that are similar.
Recognizing the problem
problems must first of all be recognized. The right answers can be obtained only
if the right questions are asked. A thoroughly understood problem is well started
toward solution. problems arise in a variety of ways. Sometimes they grow out of a
chance(无意，偶然) observation. They may result from reading, from laboratory
experiments, or simply from thinking. They also may result from new developments or
from new or different human needs. Today, for example, problems are arising from new
discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics, biological engineering, and
microelectronics. The development of industry has also brought about (导致，引起)large
numbers of problems which have to be solved.
Collecting Information
Next, the scientist tries to learn as much as possible about it. often this
means going to the library and studying books which contain accounts of mans experience
and knowledge of the problem. This is called searching the literature.
The scientist may find that others have already solved all or a part of the
problem. occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions, which give clues
for solving the new one. In his search the scientist accumulates much background
information. With these new ideas and facts he builds a firm foundation for solving the
problem.
organizing the Information
After the scientist has finished this part of his work he will probably take the
many facts which he has collected and organize them into some kind of system. This may
be a logical classification or it may be a mathematical analysis. Usually the analysis
will show unanswered questions. Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of
further study. perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis is that it
indicates certain truths, which generally are called inferences.
Making a Hypothesis
In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis. A hypothesis is
only a best guess. It must next be tested.
If it is correct, then certain things should follow. This means if a particular
experiment is carried out, certain observations ought to be possible or it should be
possible to make certain predictions.
(If)Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected, the
scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. If, however,
observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable, then the hypothesis will
probably be given up or at least modified.
The Experiment
The hypothesis must check with(agree with) the facts. Scientific facts are
usually established by work in the laboratory. Experiments have to be made under
carefully controlled conditions. Thorough and accurate records must be kept.
In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used. A variable
is something which has different values under different conditions. In one type of
laboratory test all the variables but one are controlled. This method of testing is
called controlled experimentation.
Up-to-date information;
Word-to-word translation;
Araise----arise
Raise---rise
You need to accumulate the experience.
Background----family background
Social background;
Working experience
You laid a firm\solid foundation for your exam.
Solution
Arise
Step
Get---gain---obtain
Biology
Engineer
Microscope-----telescope
Microwave
Cultural background
Logic ----- logical ----illogical
Mathematics-----math
Analyze
Show
Indication
Infer from-----inferable
predict----prediction---predictor
forecast
confident----self-confidence
revise
modification
exact---inexact
precise
vary----various
experiment----test
all kinds of ----all sorts of
be in line with ----- be out of line with
LESSoN ELEVEN
TEXT A
Useless
Get rid of \ be rid of sb.\sth.
He is so boring, I am glad to be rid of him.
Man-made\ hand-made
Childhood\motherhood
Advertising
Buyer-seller
Have you found a buyer for your house?
Baseball
Wherever= no matter where
Ever-green \ ever-lasting
Replicate-----replication
Stuff sth. With sth.
please stuff the pillow with the cotton.
Throw----threw----thrown
Throw away
Extra pay for extra work
Save sb. From sth.
The cop saved the boy form the fire.
Save the situation
Save sb’s face
Savings account
originality ------ creativity
original sin
originator
Computerize-----
Remnants of a meal
The era of miniskirt
We are living in the computer era.
What’s your hobby?
on \ at the weekend
It’s really a good bargain.
A bad bargain
Bargain hunter
Hunt ----- hunting ----- hunter
I am a job hunter.
I am on a job hunting .
Fabulous wealth
Fabulous performance
paint---- wet paint
Sketch ----- painting ----- drawing
Merciful --- mercifully---- merciless
Mercy killing ---- euthanasia
God bless you.
Blessing
Be reluctant to do sth.= be unwilling to do
Reluctance
I am reluctant to attend your cocktail party.
Enthusiastic
What have you been doing recently?
You are bound to be successful.
Sort sth. out
I will sort through a pile of old pictures.
She set out at daybreak.
put sb. Up
We can put you up for the night.
put up with sb.
I can’t put up with you anymore.
Be tired of sth.
I am tired of teaching.
I am fed up with teaching.
Come across
Encounter
Meet with
Face to face = toe to toe
LESSoN ELEVEN
TEXT A
The Great American Garage Sale
Not long ago, Charles Erickson and his family decided to do some spring
housecleaning. __ (Sort) through their possessions, they came up with some 1,500 old,
__ (want) items -- all sorts of things (they wanted to get rid of). The Ericksons
decided to do what a lot of other Americans are doing these days--have a garage sale.
They posted homemade signs throughout the neighborhood, ran an advertisement in the
local newspaper, then set out the unwanted objects on the front yard of their home in
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and waited to see if any one would come. The Ericksons
neednt have worried. Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend,
leaving the family $442 richer.
Garage sale, yard sale, basement sale -- whatever theyre called and wherever
theyre held, Americans are having them in ever-increasing numbers.
The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful -- dishes, books, used
clothing, tools, tires, empty bottles, bicycles, furniture. A man in Atlanta, Georgia,
even sold a full-size replica of a 1931 Ford.
You wouldnt believe the stuff (people will buy), says Mrs. Jerry McNeely of
Houston, Texas, who has held two garage sales with friends. on the other hand, you
wouldnt believe some of the things (people will put out to sell).
Why would Americans want to shop by searching among someone elses cast-offs?
Rising living costs are considered by almost everyone as a reason both for
holding sales and for attending them. The seller makes a little extra money and the
buyer saves quite a lot, since garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small
part of their original cost.
But beyond that, theyre fun. Garage sales have become suburban social events,
drawing people of all ages. Neighbors enjoy meeting new people, and some families even
serve drinks and cakes. one psychologist suggests that people are fed up with the
computerization of their lives -- they may be searching for their roots. Many of the
younger buyers say they are turned off by the poor quality of modern goods and are
looking for remnants of a stronger and firmer era, when things were built to last.
Some people have made garage-sale shopping into a hobby; they spend their weekends
going from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure. Says one long-time
weekend bargain hunter, In the back of your mind you have the hope of finding some
fabulous painting stored away somewhere or something else of great value for a bargain
price.
Diana McLellan, a reporter for the Washington Star-News, wrote: The garage sale
is like the quality of mercy -- it blesseth him (that gives) and him (that takes). It
separates clothes, toys, pots, cups, forks and knives from their reluctant owners and
places them in loving new homes.
How long will all this enthusiasm continue? Says one recent seller, Some day the
people who are buying are bound to be faced with the same problem we had -- getting rid
of this stuff.
The Blacks
You need have come here.
You needn’t have given him money.
Clothes ---- clothing
Attracting
I enjoy listening to music.
My brother enjoys making friends.
The psychologist suggests that we be patient with the kids.
I have made raising dogs into a hobby.
Misunderstanding separates my friend from me.
1. Barking dogs seldom bite.
2. This is Mr. Smith speaking.
3. The part of the moon facing away from the sun appears dark.
4. The question being discussed is very important.
5. There are still many children killed.
6. The story was so boring that most children fell asleep.
7. Everyone was so happy and excited about it.
8. She was heard singing all the time.
9. I should be kept informed of the development of things.
10. I found the door locked.
11. Used in a small quantity , the drug will be very effective.
12. Walking along the street, he saw a dog barking at an old man.
13. We explored the caves, peter going first.
14. Henry rushed into the hall, his body covered with dust.
A. Being very tired , my father did not go with us.
B. Having lost all the hope for life, he killed himself.
C. The sun having set, the children started for home .
D. (Being )sure of his ability, we decided to send him to finish the task.
Seen from the top of the hill, our school looks like a beautiful garden.
When our school is seen form the top of the hill,
LESSoN TWELVE
TEXT A
Chiefly primarily
Grammatical
Super-star
Market
Sonic
Have authority to do sth.
Use---useful---useless-usable---usage
In dispute with sb.
Without dispute
Self-confidence\confident
As regards sb.\sth.
Regardless of
Editor---edit---edition---editorial
occur---occur to sb.
occupation---occupied
occupy oneself in doing sth.\with sth.=be busy doing
Alphabet=letter
Quote
Stack sth. Up
Illustration----illustrative
Literature
In the light of
Influence on sb.\sth.
Those so called friends have a bad influence on her.
Distance---distant
Forecast
Scattered
Scatter-brained
Scatter about\over
A well-bound book
Invent---inventor---inventive
Usually
Nun
Get into trouble\difficulty
Look up
Around
After
Into
Down upon
on
over
I was brought up by my grandma.
She brought up the 3 kids herself
To the best of one?ˉs ability
LESSoN TWELVE
TEXT A
How Dictionaries Are Made
It is widely believed that every word has a correct meaning, that we learn
these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians, and that dictionaries and grammars
are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage. Few people ask by what
authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say. I once got into a
dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it
up in the dictionary. The English woman said firmly, What for? I am English. I was
born and brought up in England. The way I speak is English. Such self-assurance about
ones own language is fairly common among the English. In the United States, however,
anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or
mad.
LESSoN TWELVE
TEXT A
How Dictionaries Are Made
继上一节课：
Let us see how dictionaries are made and how the editors arrive at definitions.
What follows applies only to those dictionary offices where first-hand, original
research goes on -- not those in which editors simply copy existing dictionaries. The
task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature
of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover. As the editors read, they
copy on cards every interesting or rare word, every unusual or peculiar occurrence of a
common word, a large number of common words in their ordinary uses, and also the
sentences (in which each of these words appears).
That is to say, the context of each word is collected, along with the word
itself. For a really big job of dictionary writing, such as the oxford English
Dictionary, millions of such cards are collected, and the task of editing occupies
decades. As the cards are collected, they are alphabetized and sorted. When the sorting
is completed, there will be for each word anywhere from two or three to several hundred
quotations, each on its card.
To define a word, then, the dictionary editor places before him the stack of
cards illustrating that word; each of the cards represents an actual use of the word by
a writer of some literary or historical importance. He reads the cards carefully,
discards some, re-reads the rest, and divides up the stack according to what he thinks
are the several senses of the word. Finally, he writes his definitions, following the
hard-and-fast rule (that each definition must be based on what the quotations in front
of him reveal about the meaning of the word.) The editor cannot be influenced by what
he thinks a given word ought to mean. He must work according to the cards, or not at
all.
The writing of a dictionary, therefore, is not a task of setting up authoritative
statements about the true meanings of words, but a task of recording, to the best of
ones ability, what various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate
past. If, for example, we had been writing a dictionary in 1890, or even as late as
1919, we could have said that the word broadcast means to scatter (seed, for example),
but we could not have stated that from 1921 on, the most common meaning of the word
should become to send out programs by radio or television. In choosing our words when
we speak or write, we can be guided by the historical record provided us by the
dictionary, but we cannot be bound by it, because new situations, new experiences, new
inventions, new feelings, are always forcing us to give new uses to old words. Looking
under a hood, we should ordinarily have found, five hundred years ago, a monk; today,
we find a car engine.
As long as you tell me, I will understand it.
Landlord-----landlady
Mouse
LESSoN THIRTEEN
TEXT A
单词
Insurance policy \ premium\ broker
Insurance again sth.
Agency
Estate agent
protector---protective---protectionism
Consumption -----customer
Interrupt---bother
Disturbance---disturbed
An evil tongue
Sum sth. Up
Summing-up
A large sum of money
Wonder
Miraculous
Sufficient--- enough----abundant
Adequacy
Major---minor
Majority---minority
Remind sb. of sth.
Reminder
Dangerous
possible----impossible
Injure
He was injured in the car accident.
He was wounded in the war.
I hurt\cut myself with the knife.
Finance----financier
Lose---lost---lost
Rationality
Unlucky-----lucky
Fortunate----fortune
occurrence
Complicated-----simple
Complexity
profession-----unprofessional
Ignore-----ignorant
Intelligent-----intelligence
Someway----somewhat=a little bit
Conceptual
opposite to sb.\sth.
opposition
There is a supermarket opposite the post-office.
Foundation
Efficient-----effectiveness
Efficiency
on duty----safe-guard
Bodyguard
At most ----- at least
In fact--- as a matter of fact
Look at
Handle----cope with
课文
Insurance
An insurance agent called me this morning. This particular agent wanted to
discuss my automobile coverage, but the next agent to call might be interested in my
life insurance program, my health insurance, or fire protection for my home and
furniture. The American consumer often feels constantly disturbed by insurance agents.
Many agents selling many different policies call us by phone and sometimes even come to
our door. These insurance agents are always friendly, well dressed, and eager to be of
help.
Yet few Americans really enjoy visiting with these eager, helpful men and women.
We are not happy when they call us; we are on guard when they visit our home. They are
never really our friends; at best, they are a necessary evil.
Three reasons why we are unwilling to discuss insurance can be suggested. First
of all, insurance is expensive. A young father who purchases a fairly small life
insurance policy agrees to pay a sum of $200 every year for 40 years -- a total of
$8,000. Many college students pay $800 to $1,000 per year for car insurance. In effect,
they pay as much for the insurance as they do for the car itself. Health insurance
(that __ (pay) for modern medical miracles) often costs Americans as much as $2,000
every year. Adequate insurance is expensive; it is a major item for most families.
Insurance also reminds us that we live in an __ (safe) world. We are human and we
must face the possibilities of illness, injury, death, and financial loss. our rational
minds recognize the many unfortunate events (that can occur), but in our hearts we hope
that we might be spared. Serious injury or death is not a pleasant subject to discuss
or even consider. We are afraid; we would rather talk about football or the weather or
what we had for lunch.
Finally, insurance is a difficult, complex subject. No one understands it
completely and only a few insurance professionals really feel comfortable in a
discussion of automobile, life, and major medical coverages. We feel inadequate and try
to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insurance.
Yet these three reasons (for not discussing insurance) provide three excellent
reasons (why we should learn more about it). Insurance is expensive. In a lifetime,
many of us spend as much on insurance as we do on the purchase of a home. If we are to
spend our money intelligently, we need information about the products and services
available. We dont depend entirely on salespeople when we buy a car, a house, or a suit
of clothes. Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance. We
need a basic knowledge of insurance coverages if we are to be intelligent consumers.
The intelligent consumer looks problems in the face. Although accident, illness,
and death are not pleasant subjects, each of us knows we face these possibilities. It
is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them than to
just hope that they will somehow go away.
Although insurance can be complex, its basic concepts are neither difficult nor
impossible to learn. Quite the opposite. Insurance fundamentals can be understood by
those willing to study them. Serious study provides knowledge. The study of insurance
is an effective, proven method of dealing with the insurance ignorance faced by many
American families.
Frankly speaking,
Generally speaking,
Frankness
This lesson is boring.
I am bored by the lesson.
Honest---honesty
An honest boy.
Impression---impressive
Collect---collection---collective
Golf---go golfing
Mistake---mislead---misunderstanding
frictional
Conflict---dispute
Force sb. To do sth.
Compel--- drive--- execute--- oblige
Internet---international
Interaction
Behave---behaviorism---behaviorist
principle---norm
Accept---acceptation
Receive
Blunt---boorish---cheeky
Interrupt---trouble
Smoke---smoking
passive smoking
Cell phone
Mobile phone
Use—useful ---useless---used---user---usage
Lung cancer
Adult--- grown-up
CD player
Vow ----curse
Cold---impersonal---unconcerned
Child---kid
Sonny
Employer---employee---employ---employment---unemployment
Individualism
It’s kind of you to help me.
As well as
For example
owing to --- due to
The film had been on for half an hour, when I arrived at the cinema.
My grandpa has been dead for 5 years.
Be aware of
Be aware that
Mind doing sth.
Do you mind me smoking?
physical health
He always refuses to take other’s advice.
Colleague---workmate
Advantage
Crimes of violence
Violent
Do violence to sth.
It would do violence to his principle to eat meat.
Expose---expose a reel of film
Be exposed to
Everlasting ---- last
Allocation
Significance
Every
Considering prep.
Adoption
Adapt to
Completely
Differentiate
Tell A from B
Imagination
Truth
Basic--- potential
purpose
Subtle
Immoral
Recover
Imitation
Imagine---imagination mine---my
Express---expression
EMS---Express Mail Service
In jeopardy=in danger
Interpretion---interpreter
Translate---translation
Ridiculous----mad
Crazy about
He is crazy about rock and roll.
Nuclear weapon
Arms
Initiation---initiator---initiative
The initiative
Restriction
Describe
Critic
Implication --- imply
Fascinate---fascinating
Fascinated
Dramatic---dramatically
play---opera
Guilt---guilty
Innocence---innocent
Commerce
To have influence on
Tell A from B
A piece of evidence
Exposure of the body to strong sunlight maybe harmful.
A good command of English is greatly due to much exposure to that language.
point to
point at
point out
I will have finished the whole book by the end of this term.
We got up early to arrive at the school on time.
I came in the room only to find no body there.
被动语态：句子的主语是谓语动作的接受者。
例句：
1. Lei Feng is respected by us all.
2. The glass was broken yesterday.
3. I’ve been given some advice.
4. Tom will be sent to college.
5. The work had been finished by then.
6. I was told that he would be given some money.
主动语态：句子的主语是谓语动作的发出者。
例句：
1. He goes to school by bus.
2. Li Hong is doing her homework now.
3. She’s giving me some advice.
4. My mother took me to a hospital.
5. They’ll come back soon.
6. By the end of last term we had learned 500 words.
7. He said he would come here the next week.
被动语态常用的时态有：
1. 一般现在时：Garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small part of
their original cost.
2. 一般将来时：The young driver will be stopped by the policeman if he drives
that way.
3. 一般过去时：Not a word was heard from him since he left home.
4. 现在完成时：This dish has been prepared by the chief cook.
5. 将来完成时：The whole book will have been finished by the end of this
term.
6. 过去完成时：He told me that the tree in front of our building had been
stricken by lightning.
7. 现在进行时：This novel is being retranslated.
8. 过去进行时：A new stadium was being built when we got there last year.
被动语态没有将来进行时和三种完成进行时，因为be, being, been这三个词任何两个都不能同时
使用。
特殊的被动语态结构：
l 情态动词+do→情态动词+be done
Eg:
1. The work must be finished today.
2. She should be praised for her work.
3. Everything that can be done must be done.
l Have to do→have to be done
Eg:
1. Mary’s mother had to be operated on.
2. The meeting has to be put off.
l Use to→used to be done
Eg: The plan used to be forgotten.
Be going to = be going to be done
1. The plan is going to be carried out.
2. The project is going to be completed next month.
l 要求双宾语的动词的间接宾语常作被动结构中的主语，而直接宾语作保留宾语；当直接宾语作
主语时，原间接宾语作为保留宾语常放在介词to之后（但make, buy的要使用for）。
Eg:
1. We are offered a good job.
2. A good job is offered to us.
3. Lots of money was given to him.
4. A library with 5000 books is offered to the nation as a gift.
5. A new book was bought for me.
6. A pair of shoes was made for him.
They jumped up with the joy to hear the good the news
Kill --- kill time --- time killer--- pain killer
Murderer
West --- in the west
Western country
Surprising--- astonishing
Alarm ---- alarm clock
Surgery---surgeon
Technology
Advanced --- in advance
不定式：
ü动词不定式在句子中可做主语，表语，宾语，状语，宾语补足语和主语补足语。
主语：It is good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of
television that their preschool child watches.
表语：My only wish now is to have a good sleep.
宾语：Most single parents find it hard to take care of a family alone
定语：You will find something to interest you there.
状语：In memorizing a number, you might try to associtate it with familiar numbers
or events.
宾语补足语：It makes the digestive juices flow more freely.
主语补足语：The house is known to have been built by a British-man 70 years ago.
形容词的比较级和最高级的构成法：
ü一般情况：加-er, -est
Eg: small→smaller→smallest;
Tall→taller→tallest.
ü以-e结尾：加-r, -st
Eg: large→larger→largest;
nice→nicer→nicest
ü以“辅音字母+y”结尾：改y为I, 再加-er, -est
Eg: easy→easier→easiest;
Dirty→dirtier→dirtiest
ü重读闭音节且以一个辅音字母表示一个辅音：双写该辅音字母后再加-er, -est
Eg: fat→fatter→fattest;
Thin→thinner→thinnest
ü以-ow, -er为结尾：加-er, -est
Eg: narrow→narrower→narrowest;
Clever→cleverer→cleverest
ü以-le为结尾：加-r, -st
Eg: simple→simpler→simplest
ü其他结尾：加-er, -est
Eg: common→commoner→commonest;
Quiet→quieter→quietest
ü在形容词原级前加more, most：
Eg: beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful;
Important→more important→most important
副词的比较级和最高级的构成法：
ü大多数副词在原级之前加more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。
Eg: warmly→more warmly→most warmly;
Quickly→more quickly→most quickly
ü少数单音节的副词，加-er和-est构成其比较级和最高级。
Eg: slow→slower→slowest;
Fast→faster→fastest;
early→earlier→earliest
几个形容词和副词的特殊比较级和最高级形式：
1. good, well→better→best
2. bad, ill, badly→worse→worst
3. many, much→more→most
4. little→less→least
5. far→father; further→farthest; furthest
6. old→older; elder→oldest; eldest
Enable to do sth.
Beneficial--- by/from
Criticize
Shortcomings
Human Resources
prevent--- prevent from
Device--- facility
Recovery
Know-how
Expert
Emphasis---imphases
Be lack of = short of
Factor--- element---ingredient
Relation
Connect
Enough---adequate---abundant ----sufficient
Sufficiency
Rely on\upon=depend on\upon
Diet--- on diet
Fat
Happen ---occur
Take the place of
The new CD player takes the place of the old one.
Get benefit from
Result in\from
Be in charge of
Be responsible for
You should take responsibility for what you said.
You should be responsible for what you said.
Daily necessity
Criticism
objective
optimistic
pessimistic
Active
Indifferent
Subjective
Subject
object
Foresee
Homework
Assignment
IQ quotient
EQ emotion
____ (compare) with him, Tom is quite a good husband.
You compare Tom with him.
Compared with him, Tom is quite a good husband.
He is always helping others.
Forever
Atomic war is ____ (like) to destroy forever the nation that wages it.
‘Tom’ said his teacher, ‘is a tiger’
happyquhang@sohu.com
Lacking any standard for estimating the ___ (probable), we are left with the judgment
of the editorial writer.
Able ability
We have been trying to pin down by experiments __ people mean by these expressions in
specific contexts
What which that it
What do you mean?
You mean what
We compare the number (he takes when he is alone) with the number [when one or more
other children are present and are to take some sweets after him], or with the number
(he takes when told to give some sweets to another child).
we tell a subject __ (take) a few or a lot of glass balls from a box,
he will take __ (many) if the box contain a large number of glass balls than if it
has a small number.
In place of a long test we could merely ask the subject to give numerical values to
expressions such as nearly always and very rarely in a given context, and then measure
his intelligence by the ratio of the number for nearly always to the one for very
rarely.
The book reminds me of the time when I learned English from Ms. Qu.
Behaviour
Mercy killing
All roads lead to Rome.
Enlarge
Friendly
Likely
Lovely
See, view, think of,
Be regarded as
Be seen as
Be viewed
Be thought of as
Back face head body
Look … in the face
Advice about how to live a healthy life is one example of the type of received wisdom
(which is condensed and passed on to the next generation in the form of proverbs).
everyone should be allowed __ (make) a mistake without being punished for it .
to carry it through to the end is often easier than to stop halfway.
someone (who stays with you and helps you in times of trouble, rather than turning
their back), is a true friend.
If someone buys you lunch, they will expect a favour in return.
What is next puzzles us.
How
When to leave is not decided.
Useful
Useless
Korea
Soul
Limited
positive
Negative
Keep sth. in ___
Heart head mind
he would be no better served by a fitness program than by learning to play bridge.
This student has seen being physically fit as an end rather than the means (we know
it to be).
others are engaged in time-consuming activities (that until finished do not permit
opportunities for recreation).
what about the majority (who could do much more but do so little)?
____ (like) these people (who have made no commitment to fitness), you may have made
a commitment to a physical fitness program (that might be rather narrow in scope).
Unit 21
The Language of Uncertainty
Necessarily adv.必然，必定
Leaves are not necessarily green.
You don’t necessarily have to attend.
Criticize vt. 批评，批判
He was criticized for his lack of leadership.
She is always criticizing her husband for being lazy.
precise adj. 精确的，准确的
The precise sum was 48 pounds.
I have to be up early, --4 a.m. to be precise.
Denote vt. 意思是，代表
The word “family” here is used to denote the members of a household.
The sign X denotes an unknown number.
Signify vt. 表示，象征，意味
He signified his agreement with a nod.
What does her expression signify?
The clouds signified the coming storm.
Marked adj. 明显的，显著的
There is a marked difference between the two.
The patient showed a marked improvement.
Widen vt./vi. 加宽，扩大
His arguments widened my ideas.
The gap between the rich and poor regions widened.
Intelligence n. 智力,情报，消息
He works for the Central Intelligence Agency.
The dog has more intelligence than a cat.
pin down 钉住，准确说明
Mr. Jone’s leg was pinned down under the car after the accident.
He pinned a map down to the wall.
In place of代替
The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.
The vice president talked at the meeting in place of the president because the
president was sick.
Word Forms
1.____ (Uncertain) spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our
language.
2. our everyday speech __ (make) up in large part of words like probably, many, soon,
great, little.
3. Atomic war is likely __ (destroy) forever the nation that wages it.
4. __ (Lack) any standard for estimating the probability, we are left with the judgment
of the editorial writer.
5. It has a value just because it allows us ______ (express) judgments.
6.We find that the number depends on the items ______ (involve).
7. The size of the population of items influences the value __ (assign) to an
expression.
8. The older the child, __ (few) glass balls he will take.
9.The difference between “a lot” and “a few” ______ (wide) with age.
Text B
It Never Rains but It pours
Relevance n. 关联；贴切
What you say has no relevance to what we are talking about.
Wisdom n. 智慧；明智
He gained wisdom from his broad experience.
A boy of ten could have his own wisdom and doubts and goals.
Condense vt./vi. 压缩，浓缩
A long story can sometimes be condensed to a few sentences.
When vapor in the air condenses, it becomes rain.
Behave vi. 举止，表现
She is already 18 years old, but she behaves as if she were still a little girl.
Behave yourself.
Hence ad. 因此，由此
His father died, hence he succeeded to all his property.
It is handmade and hence expensive.
Enrich vt. 使富裕，使丰富
Many foreign words and phrases have enriched the English language.
This school has enriched courses for brighter students.
Regard…as把…看成，当作
The novel is regarded as one of his representative works.
The society regards parents as being responsible for the control of their children.
pass… (on) to将…交给别人
Upon his death the house was passed to his son.
She caught my cold and passed it on to her daughter.
Go wrong 失败，出错
Everything has gone wrong for him in the past few days.
Where did I go wrong in that sum.
In return (for)报答，回报
Bud gave me his knife and I gave him my ball pen in return.
How much did Johm
历年考题
proverbs are quite common in both written and __ (speak) English.2001下
Someone who stays with you and helps you in times of trouble, rather than turning his
__, is a true friend.
A. Face B. head
C. Hand D. Back
2002下
Unit 22
Current Attitudes toward physical Fitness
Misuse vt. 误用，滥用，虐待
He misuses his laborers by making them working too hard.
I notice a misuse of the word “who” in your letter.
priority n. 优先，重点，优先权
old people have priority over young people in taking seats.
Fire engines and ambulances have priority over other traffics.
Limitation n. 限制
All railroads have weight limitations.
I can only act within my limitations.
Schedule n. 时间表vt.安排
You have been three days behind the schedule.
The president is scheduled to attend the graduation ceremony.
The sports meet will begin on schedule.
Comment n.&v.评注，评论
The teacher made a brief comment on our homework.
The discovery is hardly commented by the press.
Approach vt.&n. 靠近，接近
The car was approaching the village.
You can feel the approach of autumn.
Aspect n.方面，外表，外貌
They reconsidered the plan in all its aspects.
only then can you find his humorous aspect.
Achieve vt. 完成，实现，达到
He went back home without having achieved any success.
By hardworking, we can achieve anything.
Emerge vi.出现，涌现
The moon emerged from behind the clouds.
Many facts have emerged as a result of the inquiry.
Reason for …的原因
What was the reason for him being late?
Sickness is the reason for his absence.
Word Form
1. Recently we were told by a student that __ (set) aside time for improving his
physical fitness would be a total misuse of his working hours.
2. Many people, ______ (include) college students of all ages, spend little time in
______ (pursue) of physical fitness.
3.Exercise makes me ______ (feel) terrible.
4. __ (like) these people who have made no commitment to fitness, you may have made a
commitment to a physical fitness program that might be rather narrow in scope.
5.If you see your own attitude ______ (represent) by one of these comments, might you
be shortsighted in your reason for valuing fitness?
6.What ______ (can) I achieve if I were really in top physical condition?
7.Because fitness levels __ easily __ (observe) and __ (can measure), you can quickly
start to see the emerging person you are capable of becoming.
8. All people are different and some may progress __ (fast) than others.
历年考题
1. Many people have made a ______ to a physical fitness program so as to maintain
good health.
A. Decision B. commitment
C. Contribution D. Difference
2000下
2) Many people, ____ (include) college students of all ages, spend little time in
pursuit of physical fitness. (2003 1st )
Text B
people and Colors
paint v.&n. 画，油漆
All the walls were painted blue.
Mr. Brown wanted a lot of white paint for his new house.
Relax vt.&vi. 松弛，缓和
Mother’s worried frown (皱眉) relaxed a little when she know that her son was safe
now.
You must not allow your efforts to relax.
Caution n./v.谨慎,告诫，警告
Let the experience serve you as a caution.
Cross the road with caution.
He cautioned me not to drink.
React vi.反应,作用，起反作用
He was quick to react.
Hearing the news, she reacted by getting very angry.
Generalize vt. 归纳,概括,推广
The fear of a dog may generalize to other animals and to such objects as fur coats.
A person (who __ (hold) a hand over his mouth [when he is talking]) is signaling that
he is lacking in confidence.
The book (that / which) he read
If you start wriggling in your chairs, I shall soon get the message that Im boring
you.
It starts to rain.
I remember locking the door.
Remember to lock the door.
All the signals I __ (mention) so far can be controlled.
All the signals I have mentioned so far ____ (can control).
All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled.
As yet
____ you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone elses eyes
for very long.
If Unless While Although
This _enabled_ (able) him to finish the job easily.
Being done
Done
Body language is closely tied to culture.
Consequently frequently
Significantly
Ecology
overweight
overwork
oversleep
Under ___ (poor)
Interstate highway
Exit
port
Rainforests are being cut and burned from Brazil to Indonesia at such a rate that
they could well disappear from the earths surface before the year 2050.
They are being cleared for __ (value) timber and other resources __ (speed) up the
economic __ (grow) of the nations __ they are located.
When where why what
The most recent figures show that the area of rainforest destroyed last year was
bigger than the size of Great Britain and Ireland.
plant species are not the only forms of life (threatened with ___ (extinct) in the
rainforest).
Threaten … with ….
He threatened her with a gun.
She was threatened with a gun by him.
Rare birds and animals (that ___ (can not find) anywhere else in the world) have been
disappearing at the rate of one a year since the turn of the century.
The governments in these countries are usually also too weak __ (stop) large
companies and powerful individuals from __ (destroy) the rainforests.
the valuable timber and other resources (found in the rainforests) are also a very
important source of foreign exchange
The only solution to the problem seems to be for the richer countries of the world __
(help) the countries __ the rainforests are located.
one way (they could help) would be by canceling the international debts (that
countries like Brazil owe)
they could support programs (to teach the local people <to regard the rainforests as
gardens (to be harvested)>)
第71讲 67-72讲讲义--24A课文
I heard him _sing_ (sing).
I don’t like letters _written_ (write) in pencil.
Such programs could teach the local people how __ (select__ (export)
the environment needed for the survival of the many rare species of animals and
plants, as well as of the Indian tribes that live in the rainforest, could be
preserved.
The local people could also be taught to earn more money by cutting the selected
trees and making them into furniture on the spot.
people in the richer countries of the world could also help save the rainforests by
using wood-derived products such as paper more carefully and by recycling used paper
products to help reduce the demand for newly cut wood.
The solution to this problem is
Little
Less
Lessen
第72讲 精讲班最后一
Wind is the characteristic of spring.
Women _being_ (be) the weaker and dependent sex, it is only natural that they should
cry in certain emotional situations.
It is not that American males are unable to cry because of some biological time clock
within them (which causes them to run down in that capacity as they grow older), but
that they are trained not to cry.
。 第73讲 25课讲义
Unit 25
American Men Don’t Cry
Weakness n.软弱, 弱点,嗜好
There are definite weakness in their security arrangements.
My diet would be fine if only (只要...就好) I didn’t have this weakness for sweet
things.
Disapprove vt./vi.不赞成
The survey showed that 32% of respondents (回答者) approve, 54% disapprove and the rest
are undecided.
Do you disapprove of advertisements for cigarettes?
Discourage vt.使气馁, 阻碍
The thought of how much work she had to do discouraged her.
What discourages me from going camping is all the insects!
Her parents discouraged her from applying for drama courses because they thought she’
d never get a job.
Don’t be discouraged by their attitude—you are doing very well.
Capacity n.容量, 能力
The hall has a seating capacity of 500.
She has a great capacity for hard work.
Restore vt. 恢复, 使回复
He buys old cars and restores them to their original condition.
After a week in bed, she was fully restored to health.
The government is trying to restore public confidence in its management of the economy.
Dynamic adj.有生气的,不断的
She’s young and dynamic and will be a great head of the department.
We need a dynamic expansion of trade with other countries.
Interference n.干涉, 干预,妨碍
She seems to regard any advice or help from me as interference.
The government’s interference in the strike has been widely criticized.
Damage n./vt.损害, 伤害
Recent discoveries about cheating have done serious damage to the company’s good name.
The doctors were worried that he might have suffered brain damage in the accident.
Many buildings were badly damaged during the war.
Running on hard road surfaces can damage your knee joints.
Lessen vt./vi.变小；减少,变小
The rain eventually lessened to a soft mist.
Eating properly can lessen the risk of heart disease.
Defect n. 缺点, 过失
I think that there are a lot of defects in our education system.
It’s a character defect in her that she can’t ever accept that she’s in the wrong.
Intention n.意图; 打算
It wasn’t my intention to exclude her from the list – I just forgot her.
He’s full of good intentions but he never does anything about them!
Necessity n.必要性, 必需品
You can come early and help if you want to, but there’s no necessity.
The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.
With regard to关于
I am writing to you with regard to your letter of 15 March.
With regard to the contract, the second paragraph must be changed.
Feel like想要
I don’t feel like going to the movie.
Do you feel like a swim.
Among other things此外
Among other things, we were very interested to hear what had happened to our house.
They have not been able to agree on a place to meet to discuss this question among
other things.
Text B
Stop Worrying Now!
Distress n.苦恼; 痛苦
The Red Cross is working hard to relieve the distress caused by the civil war.
She claimed that the way she had been treated at work had caused her extreme emotional
and psychological distress.
Vt.
I hope I haven’t distressed you with all these personal questions.
She was deeply distressed by her exam results.
Virtually adv.实际上, 事实上
It used to be virtually impossible to find vegetarian restaurants outside the major
cities, but it’s much easier now.
Unemployment in this part of the country is virtually nonexistent.
Label n.标示；标明；标签
The label on the bottle says not to take more than six pills a day.
Remember to put some address labels on the suitcases.
Vt.
He was busy labeling all the bottles of wine that he’d made that year.
If you spend any time in prison, you’re labeled as a criminal for the rest of your
life.
Tension n.拉紧, 压力, 张力
There is not enough tension in the wires – pull them tighter.
You could feel the tension in the room as we waited for our exam results.
Justify vt.证明...有道理；为…辩护
I hope you’re able to justify your actions.
The results of the study have certainly justified the money that was spent on it.
Fulfill vt. .履行, 完成
A school fails if it does not fulfill the needs of its pupils.
I’ll fulfill my duty to the best of my ability.
Do you think the president will be able to fulfill his promise not to raise taxes?
Resolve vt.解决；消除
We need to resolve this dispute quickly.
The couple resolved their difference and made an effort to get along.
Minimize vt.将...减到最少
We do all that we can to minimize the risk of failure.
Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to minimize the impact of the
oil spill.
Enjoyment n.享受,乐事，享受,
Knowing the ending already didn’t spoil my enjoyment of the film.
Every citizen is guaranteed the enjoyment of life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.
Hang on to紧紧抓住,紧跟(某人)
You should hang on to that painting – it might be valuable one day.
Lots of people hang on to their childhood toy cars.
Use up用完，用光
There’s no more paper after this is used up.
Don’t worry if you use up the ink. I’m going shopping tomorrow.
Give up放弃, 让[交]给
We’re going to give up our sports club membership after this year.
He gave up his seat on the bus to an old lady.
Word Form
1.American men dont cry because it ____ (consider) not characteristic of men to do so.
2.Adults must learn ____ (not cry) in situations in which it is permissible for a child
____ (cry).
3.Women ____ (be) the weaker and dependent sex, it is only natural that they should cry
in certain emotional situations.
4.It is not that American males are unable ____ (cry) , but that they ____ (train) not
to cry.
5. It is unnecessary ____ (cry) whenever one wants ____ (cry), but one should be able
____ (cry) when one ought ____ (cry) -- when one needs ____(cry).
第74讲 NEED
Need
one need cry.
one needs to cry.
Means
Get along with
Mary gets along well with her students.
Clearly it is easier, if less rewarding, to worry than to be an active, involved
person.
I can’t help laughing.
nothing but the book could make me happy.
For the present information.
Come across
Read, look it up in the dictionary
Children always associate the Spring Festival with good food / delicious food and
beautiful clothes
people believe / think that
It is believed / thought / supposed
We should develop a cultivated interest / taste for music in young people.
The problem of world peace concerns / involves
What he said / His words
Somebody offered me a chance to work in Japan.
I was offered a chance to…
When you see your parents,
Alike
It is difficult / impossible to distinguish them.
His silence showed that he was not interested in this.
She was ill, so she couldn’t attend the meeting.
Her illness
Hard work
Try to do
Manage to do
Attempt to do
He managed to open the door.
I… , but was told to be quiet.
We must love your parents.
But failed.
They survived the earthquake
Make public
His carelessness is one of the reasons that caused the accident.
Delete
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
Successful adj. 成功的
? Behind every successful man there stands a woman.
? 每一个成功男人的背后都有一个女人。
? Were you successful in finding a new house?
? 你找到新房子了吗？
Adult n. 成年
? An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
? 根据英国法律18岁以上为成年人。
? Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free.
? 成年人付门票而儿童则免费。
Adult adj. 成年人，成熟的
? He spent most of his adult life in prison.
? 他成年岁月的一大部分是在狱中度过的。
? Her behaviour is not very adult.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
课文：
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”
Most adults (who are learning a second language) would disagree with this
statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds
of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every
adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people (who
are very intelligent and __ (successful) in their fields) find it difficult to succeed
in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find
it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as
you can in the new language.” “practice speaking the language every day.” “Live
with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate – try to think in the new
language.” “Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
课文：
But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research
shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do
not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the
language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns
and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers (who look for clues and form their
own conclusions). When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their
mistakes.
Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners
do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find
people who speak the language and they ask these people __ (correct) them when they
make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat
what they hear or __ (say) strange things; they are willing __ (make) mistakes and try
again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information (that is inexact or
incomplete).
Unit 1
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
课文：It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know
the meaning of every word.
Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to
learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people (who
speak it).
It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these
people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language
regularly because they want to learn with it.
What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language
learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. on
the other hand, if your language learning has been __ (little) than successful, you
might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
Unit 1
Text B How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
重点词语
Successful adj. 成功的
? Behind every successful man there stands a woman.
? 每一个成功男人的背后都有一个女人。
? Were you successful in finding a new house?
? 你找到新房子了吗？
Adult n. 成年
? An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
? 根据英国法律18岁以上为成年人。
? Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free.
? 成年人付门票而儿童则免费。
Adult adj. 成年人，成熟的
? He spent most of his adult life in prison.
? 他成年岁月的一大部分是在狱中度过的。
? Her behaviour is not very adult.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
Text B Language
重点词语
Instance n. 例，实例
? This is only one instance out of many.
? 这只是众多实例之一。
? Let me give you some instances.
? 让我给你举些例子。
Travel(l)er n. 旅客，旅行者
? These travellers have booked their hotel rooms.
? 这些旅客已经订好了房间。
? The train travellers arrived before the travellers on the bus.
? 坐火车来的比坐汽车来的旅客到得早。
Exact adj. 精确的，正确的
? The exact time of the accident was 2.43 pm.
? 事故发生的准确时间是下午2点43分。
? We arrived at the exact moment that they were leaving.
? 他们刚走我们就到了。
Consist v. 组成（of）
? The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
? 全队由四个欧洲人和两个美国人组成。
? It’s simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.
? 这份饭准备起来很简单，主要是米饭和蔬菜。
Simply adv. 仅，只不过；完全地
? I don’t like my job — I simply do it for the money.
? 我不喜欢我的工作，我做它只是为了钱。
? I simply don’t know what happened.
? 我完全不知道发生了什么。
Not only …but also
conj. 不但…而且
? If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole
organization.
? 要是这个项目失败了，这将不仅影响到我们部门，还会影响到整个单位。
? This washing machine was not only expensive but also unreliable.
? 这台洗衣机不仅贵而且性能不稳定。
Neither … nor
conj.既不…也不
? My doctor told me I should neither smoke nor drink.
? 医生建议我既不要吸烟也不要喝酒。
? She neither knows nor cares what has happened to her ex-husband.
? 她不知道也不关心她的前夫发生了什么。
Text B Language
When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help
of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our head up and
down when we want to say “yes” and we move our heads from side to side when we want
to “no”. people who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk
to each other with the help of their fingers. people who do not understand each other’
s language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.
An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. one day he
entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came , the Englishman
opened his mouth, put his fingers in it , took them out again and moved his lips. In
this way he meant to say ,
“Bring me something to eat.” The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The
Englishman shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The
waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn’t food , of course.
He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man
saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough : in a few minutes
there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him .
As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of
words is much more exact.
Words consist of sounds , but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are
not words. For example , we may say “Sh-sh-sh” when we mean “keep silent.” When
babies laugh , we know they are happy , and when they cry , we know they are ill or
simply want something .
It is the same with animal . When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says “F-f-f” we
know they are angry.
But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together
into sentences. But animals can not do this : a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means “I
am angry ,” but he cannot say man ; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what
they mean . We may say that a parrot talks , but cannot say that it really speaks ,
because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows . only man has the power
to do this.
单元自测
1. Word Spelling
将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个词的词类和第一个字母以及用短线表示的其余字母数，
已给出。
1. 语言 n. l_ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. 成年人 n. a_ _ _ _
3. 声明，陈述 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. 保证 v. g_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. 成功 n. s_ _ _ _ _ _
6. 建议 n. a_ _ _ _ _
7. 研究 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8. 相似的 a. s_ _ _ _ _ _
9. 独立的 a. i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. 解释 v. e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11. 线索 n. c_ _ _
12. 结论 n. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13. 交流 v. c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14. 信息 n. i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15. 目的 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _
16. 男服务员 n. w_ _ _ _ _ _
17. 鹦鹉 n. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18. 原始的 a. p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19. 饭店 n. r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20. 啤酒 n. b_ _ _ _
答案：
1. 语言 n. language
2. 成年人 n. adult
3. 声明，陈述 n. statement
4. 保证 v. guarantee
5. 成功 n. success
6. 建议 n. advice
7. 研究 n. research
8. 相似的 a. similar
9. 独立的 a. independent
10. 解释 v. explain
11. 线索 n. clue
12. 结论 n. conclusion
13. 交流 v. communicate
14. 信息 n. information
15. 目的 n. purpose
16. 男服务员 n. waiter
17. 鹦鹉 n. parrot
18. 原始的 a. primitive
19. 饭店 n. restaurant
20. 啤酒 n. beer
II. Word Form
请给出下列动词的过去时，现在分词和过去分词形式。
1. Is 2. do 3. study 4. find
5. succeed 6. know 7. read 8. show
9. try 10. speak 11. hear 12. say
13. make 14. think 15. have 16. bring
请给出下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式
17. easy 18. difficult 19. much 20. new
答案：
1. is was→being→been
2. do did→doing→done
3. study studied→studying→studied
4. find found→finding→found
5. succeed succeeded→ succeeding→ succeeded
6. know knew→ knowing→ known
7. read read→ reading→ read
8. show showed→showing→ shown/ showed
9. try tried→ trying→ tried
10. speak spoke→ speaking→ spoken
11. hear heard→ hearing→ heard
12. say said→ saying→ said
13. make made→ making→ made
14. think thought→ thinking→ thought
15. have had→ having→ had
16. bring brought→ bringing→ brought
17. easy easier→ easiest
18. difficult more difficult→ most difficult
19. much more→ most
20. new newer→ newest
III. Vocabulary and Structure
从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
1. Even hundreds of hours of study and practice will not ________ success for every
adult language learner.
[A] practice offer
[C] guarantee [D] communicate
2. They want to learn the language because the ________ the language and the people
who speak it.
[A] are interested in are different from
[C] succeed in [D] offer advice to
3. Most adults would disagree with the ________ that learning a language is easy.
[A] language guesser
[C] statement [D] guarantee
4. Can a (n) ________ learn a language in the same way as a child does?
[A] student guesser
[C] teacher [D] adult
5. Successful language learners are ________ learners.
[A] inexact independent
[C] incomplete [D] interesting
6. ________, you need to discovery your own way to learn the language.
[A] of all First of all
[C] The first [D] of all the first
7. Successful language learners do not ________ the book or the teacher.
[A] depend on play with
[C] live with [D] look for
8. It is necessary for people to learn a language in order to ________ with the
people who speak it and to learn from them.
[A] disagree communicate
[C] practice [D] say
9. If your language learning has been less than successful, you might try some of
the ________ that successful language learners commonly use.
[A] techniques purposes
[C] patterns [D] clues
10. Successful language learners ________ make mistakes and try again.
[A] wait for a chance to are willing to
[C] are afraid to [D] find it difficult to
答案：
1. 1. Even hundreds of hours of study and practice will not ____C____ success for
every adult language learner.
[A] practice offer
[C] guarantee [D] communicate
2. They want to learn the language because the ____A____ the language and the
people who speak it.
[A] are interested in are different from
[C] succeed in [D] offer advice to
3. Most adults would disagree with the ____C____ that learning a language is easy.
[A] language guesser
[C] statement [D] guarantee
4. Can a (n) ____D____ learn a language in the same way as a child does?
[A] student guesser
[C] teacher [D] adult
5. Successful language learners are ____B____ learners.
[A] inexact independent
[C] incomplete [D] interesting
6. ____B____, you need to discovery your own way to learn the language.
[A] of all First of all
[C] The first [D] of all the first
7. Successful language learners do not ____A____ the book or the teacher.
[A] depend on play with
[C] live with [D] look for
8. It is necessary for people to learn a language in order to ____B____ with the
people who speak it and to learn from them.
[A] disagree communicate
[C] practice [D] say
9. If your language learning has been less than successful, you might try some of
the ____A____ that successful language learners commonly use.
[A] techniques purposes
[C] patterns [D] clues
10. Successful language learners ____B____ make mistakes and try again.
[A] wait for a chance to are willing to
[C] are afraid to [D] find it difficult to
IV. Translate the following sentences into English
将下列各句译成英语。
1. 语言学习和其他种类的学习有所不同。
2. 他们不依赖书本或老师。
3. 我们学习英语是因为我们对英语感兴趣。
4. 为了与他们交流并向他们学习，我们有必要学习这门语言。
5. 你是哪种语言学习者呢？
答案：
1. 语言学习和其他种类的学习有所不同。
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
2. 他们不依赖书本或老师。
They do not depend on the book or the teacher.
3. 我们学习英语是因为我们对英语感兴趣。
We want to learn English because we are interested in it.
4. 为了与他们交流并向他们学习，我们有必要学习这门语言。
It is necessary for us to learn the language in order to communicate with them and
to learn from them.
5. 你是哪种语言学习者呢？
What kind of language learner are you?
补充练习
I. Fill in the blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.
different successful disagree similar independent communicate
incomplete outline inexact regularly
1. people need to _______ with each other for ever.
2. He didn’t want to _______ on his parents, so he made a living by selling
newspapers.
3. “please tell the ______ answer to this question.” The teacher asked with a
smile.
4. I _______ with if you have made up your mind to do that.
5. My wife and I have ________ tastes in music.
6. He ______ from his brother in learning a language.
7. He put down his ______ composition and went out to play football.
8. He is a man with ________ habits.
9. Before writing a composition, he wrote down an ______ at first.
10. He passed the entrance examination _______.
II. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the under lined word.
1. I give my guarantee that he will be here tomorrow.
A. assurance B. words C. saying D. idea
2. He is willing to make mistakes and try again.
A. prefer B. like C. would like to D. enjoy
3. His father disagree with him.
A. converse B. is against C. against D. conversely
4. He is interested in English.
A. is like B. is fond of C. is love D. excited
5. We can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.
A. not…but B. neither…nor… C. both…and D. or…or…
III. Choose the best answer.
1. Language ______ words which we put together into sentences.
A. inclucling B. consist in C. consists of D. is consisted of
2. one day an Englishman entered a restaurant and sat down ______ a table.
A. beside B. besides C. at D. by
3. _______ this way he meant to say “Bring me something to eat”.
A. by B. on C. to D. in
4. He not only likes pop music but also ______classical music.
A. like B. liked C. liking D. likes
5. people _______ do not understand each other’s language have to do the same.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
6. Neither John nor his parents ______ football fan.
A. is B. are C. being D. am
7. You ______ finish the job, now that we have got so far with it.
A. might well B. might do well C. might well to D. might do well to
8. You have ______ opportunities to speak English.
A. thousand of B. three thousand of C. thousands of D. thousands
9. He is used to ______ the language.
A. play B. played C. playing with D. play with
10. My sister ______ English every day.
A. practise to speak B. practise speaking C. practises to speak D.
practises speaking
11. He ______ the work independently these years.
A. do B. does C. has done D. has been doing
12. This is ______ you need.
A. what B. that C. this D. whether
13. It is necessary ______ him ______ learn English in order to go abroad.
A. to…to… B. to…for… C. for…to… D. in…to
14. Successful language learners are learners ______ are learners ______ a purpose.
A. on B. in C. to D. with
15. The teachers find it ______ to be a good teacher.
A. is difficult B. difficult C. difficulty D. being difficult
16. Some people think language learning is very difficult _______, some people think
it is very easy.
A. At once B. Converse C. Conversely D. Then
17. Today he is ______ his new black coat.
A. on B. in C. with D. at
18. It is important for me to try to think _________ English.
A. with B. of C. over D. in
19. They are ______ workers.
A. woman B. women C. woman’s D. women’s
20. First of all, China is a ________ country.
A. develop B. developed C. developing D. in developing
21. I should advise you ______ miss the chance.
A. to B. don’t to C. shouldn’t to D. not to
22. The girl ______ the violion is my sister.
A. is playing B. who playing C. playing D. who is played
23. She sat there ______ nothing.
A. doing B. done C. is doing D. do
24. It _____ for a whole month.
A. is raining B. raining C. has raining D. has been raining
25. A man from the South ______ feel that Beijing is very dry.
A. will B. shall C. would D. may
名词：noun----N
冠词: article
代词: pronun---pron
数词: numeral---Num
形容词:adjective----Adj
副词: adverb----Adv
动词: verb---V
介词: preposition--- prep
连词: conjunction---Conj
感叹词: interjection---Inter
I me my mine
you you your yours
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its its
we us our ours
they them their theirs
my water= mine
her apples = hers
one two
first second
heavy heavier heaviest
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
big bigger biggest
ill worse worst
good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
few fewer fewest
many more most
much more most
old older oldest
elder eldest
The more……the more
The more…… the better.
The more haste, the less speed.
动词：
Be is am are was were seem look smell feel sound
Can may must need will would shall should ought to dare
Do does did will have has had
Vi : look at \up \into\around\after\over\on
Unit 2
Text A
Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
income tax
stamp tax
tax-cuts
tax-free\ duty-free
见课文单词。
LESSoN TWo
TEXT A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
Americans often say that there are only two things (a person can be sure of in life):
death and taxes. Americans do not have a corner on the death market, but many people
feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.
Taxes consist of the money (which people pay to support their government). There
are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and
city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.
Salaried people (who earn more than a few thousand dollars) must pay a certain
percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from
person to person . It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated
income tax,( that is), the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a
persons income increases. (With the high cost of taxes,) people are not very happy on
April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota,
or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that
of the federal government. of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. other
states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item (which you buy in
that state). For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for
twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the
cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some
states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax
laws are diverse and confusing.
The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people
who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a
city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public
works and municipal buildings.
LESSoN TWo
TEXT A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
（续）
Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one
day each week just to pay their taxes. people always complain about taxes. They often
protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it
spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different
views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: Taxes are too high.
TEXT B
单词见课本
TEXT B Advertising
Advertising is only part of the total sales effort , but it is the part (that
attracts the most attention ). This is natural enough because advertising is designed
for just that purpose . In newspapers , in magazines , in the mail , on radio and
television , we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products
and services. For the most part , they are the kinds of things (that we can be
persuaded to buy ---- food and drinks, cars and television sets , furniture and
clothing, travel and leisure time activities ).
The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry
a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of
them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long . It is really a notice or
announcement( that something is available.)
Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores
or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a
limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many (who want to put out
their ads )use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were
developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short
messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch
the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan, which the
public identifies with the product.
The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and
music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.
Television ads are short ----usually only 15, 30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated
over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times . Commercial
television has mixed entertainment and advertising . If you want the entertainment ,
you have to put up with the advertising-----and millions of people want the
entertainment .
The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s
advertising. They must decide on the audience (they want to reach). They must also
decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also
make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large
companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.
课后练习题
I．根据句子的意思将括号中的词变成适当的形式。
1. The woman who ______ (speak) in the meeting was Mrs Jones.
2. It ______ (rain) hard when we let yesterday.
3. It is a week since he ______ (come back).
4. I didn’t go to the film, I ______(see) it.
5. The book is not so difficult as I ______(expect).
6. English ______(speak) all over the world.
7. She said the party ______ (postpone) till next Friday.
8. She ______ (be) in bed for three days.
9. He is not the man we ______(look for).
10. Ane asked Green where he ______(leave) the key.
II．根据句子的意思选择正确答案。
1. Health ______ good food, fresh air and enough sleep.
A. rely B. depend C. depends on D. consist of
2. How much do you ______ for a haircut?
A. charge with B. charge C. charge by D. charge in
3. He ______ get angry when people disagree with him.
A. insist to B. insist on C. tend D. tends to
4. The cities use these ______ for education, police and fire departments, public
works and municipal buildings.
A. money B. fund C. salary D. funds
5. The United States ______ the world ______ the worst taxes.
A. lead…with B. lead…by C. leads…in D. leads…with
6. I gave thirty ______ of my salary to my mother.
A. percent B. percents C. percentage D. percentages
7. ______ the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the
federal taxes are due.
A. on B. under C. with D. by
8. My skirt looks similar ______ yours.
A. with B. to C. about D. in
9. Some states use income tax ______ to sales tax to raise their revenues.
A. in addition B. additional C. in addition that D. in addition with
10. They say that it spends too much on useless and ______ programs.
A. practical B. unpractical C. impractical D. practice
11. They tend to ______ one subject taxes are too high.
A. agree B. agree with C. agree on D. agree to
12. please find out which is wrong. ________
A. public works B. LuXHum’s works C. ivon and steel works D. power works
13. I am surprised to see the ______ things.
A. confuse B. confused C. confusing D. confusion
14. He spends too much time ______ television everyday.
A. in B. on C. to D. at
15. The public identifies the slogan ______ the product.
A. to B. in C. with D. about
16. The most important purpose is no _______ the eye.
A. pull B. drag C. push D. catch
17. You have to ______ the hot weather in summer.
A. bears B. puts up with C. endures D. put up with
18. They must ______ the audience they want to reach.
A. determine on B. decide on C. determine to D. decide to
19. The group has ______ six people.
A. no more than B. not more than C. no more with D. no longer with
20. There is ________ one China and Taiwan is part of China.
A. however B. yet C. of D. but
21. My father saw him ______ the money.
A. steal B. steals C. stealed D. is stealing
22. Mr. Smith ______ me his car.
A. borrow B. borrowed C. lend D. lent
23. I warmed him ______ late.
A. is B. be C. to D. not to be
24. How _______ in such a short time?
A. all this can be done B. all can this be done
C. can all this be done D. this all can be done
25. Thinking of the coming summer holidays, the boys were ______ to sit still
anymore.
A. so excited B. so exciting C. too exciting D. too excited
26. I am sorry I have kept you ______ for many hours.
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waited
27. His job was ______ pigs and chicken.
A. rising B. raising C. rose D. raised
28. Because of the had weather our trip will have to be put ______.
A. in B. off C. by D. away
29. ______ she was a grandmother, she looked very young.
A. Besides B. Although C. In spite D. Because
30. The sudden change of weather resulted ______ the death of many young animals.
A. from B. in C. to D. on
Earn money Technology Make an intelligent decision Disagree;independent;incomplete;inexact;uncover; Waitress for =for example Travel trip journey voyage Bon voyage ! I was doing my homework while my mum was cooking. Well-educated ; well-organized ; Well-cultivated Conj. prep. Num. n. v. a. ad. Ad. Conj. Conj. pron. Ad. A. v. a. pron. prep. Inter. v. v.
keep from ; stop from ; block from;
prevent from
be willing to do/be unwilling to do
water at 100 degrees.
A: boiling B:boiled
C: boils D:is boiled
E: is boiling
Kilometer kilogram=kg
She is so beautiful that she is dismissed.
She is too beautiful to go to school.
You are too young to smoke.
You are so young that you can’t smoke.
Fall into fall in love
They fell in love at the first sight.
Bay gulf Gulf war
Supply sb. With sth.
provide sb.with sth.
offer sb. With sth.
She sells seashell on the seashore.
Road path: street: way: motorway:
Highway: freeway\expressway
EMS=Express mail service
Sidewalk : pavement
Shortcut
My mum will come to bj in 3 days.
My mum will come to bj within 3 days.
plane airplane aeroplane
Helicopter
Go fishing go shopping go golfing
Continue to do sth.
Artistic art artist
No more than = only = merely
Reflection
Comfort---comfortable---comfortably---uncomfortably---uncomfortable
Lunar lunar new year = spring festival
Sun---solar---solar system---solar power---solar energy
on this occasion
Execpt Besides
Except me, there were 6 people went to the cinema.
Beside me, there were 6 people went to the cinema.
Remember
Lit up
once a month twice a month
Three times a month
one third two thirds three fifths one second one half
Four and two fifths
Neighborhood childhood motherhood
psychology---psychologist---psychological---psychiatrist
Birdflu
Associate with
Meaningless
In random order----in good order
Well-organized
Needless to say----hard to say
Follow---follow me
Remember memorize
Recall keep in mind
Imagine doing
Mental----physical
The number of our class is 25.
A number of students are party members.
Numbers of books have been stolen.
Information that birdflu will be widespeaded is not true.
Information that he gave us is not true.
This type of machine.
This kind\sort of machine.
Typewriter ------typist
Those using imagery=those who are using imagery
Compare A with B
Compare to
poets always compare sleep to death.
Unit 4 Text B Short-term Memory
There are two kinds of memory : short-term and long-term .Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time (when it is needed) . The information may be kept for days or weeks . Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember . Students taking exams often have this experience .
psychiatrist
human rights
device/equipment/facility
mouse mice
set free
representative
advantage/ disadvant
keep record/break record
loud-speaker
awake/afraid/asleep/aloud
way/means/approach
social security system
education system
compare with
compare to
look after/ look up/ look into/ look at/ look over/ look on—looker on/ look around/look down upon
turn on/ off / up //down
begin to do sth. Begin doing
start to do sth.—start doing
please remember to turn off the light.
I remembered seeing you somewhere
Don’t forget to bring you book next time.
I forgot borrowing your money
Don’t forget to bring your money
I like swimming.
I like to swim now.
I hate smoking.
I hate to smoke now.
Regret to do/ regret doing
Late—later—latest—latter
He is a good worker with much experience.
I had two unforgettable experiences last summer.
In contrast , information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds , usually
by repeating the information over and over . For example , you look up a number in the
telephone book , and before you dial , you repeat the number over and over . If someone
interrupts you , you will probably forget the number . In laboratory studies , subjects
are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds (if they are not allowed to
repeat the letters to themselves) .
psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The
two experiments here show (how short-term memory has been studied .)
Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats . He used a special apparatus (which
had a cage for the rat and three doors) . There was a light in each door . First the
rat was placed in the closed cage . Next , one of the lights was turned on and then off
. There was food for the rat only at this door . After the light was turned off , the
rat had to wait a short time (before it was released from its cage)h . Then , if it
went to the correct door , it was rewarded with the food (that was there ). Hunter did
this experiment many times . He always turned on the lights in a random order . The rat
had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage . Hunter found
(that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds , it could not remember then correct
door ). Hunter’s results show (that rats have a short-term memory of about ten
seconds).
Later , Dr. Henning studied (how students who are learning English as a second
language remember vocabulary ). The subjects in bhis experiment were 75 students at the
University of California in Los Angeles . They represented all levels of ability in
English : beginning , intermediate , advanced , and native-speaking students.
To begin , the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a
paragraph in English . Following the recording , the subjects took a 15-question )Each
question had four choices . The subjects had to circle the word (they had heard in the
recording .) Some of the questions had four choices (that sound alike .) For example ,
weather , whether , wither , and wetter are four words (that sound alike .) Some of the
questions had four choices (that have the same meaning .) Method , way , manner , and
system would be four words with the same meaning . Some of them had four unrelated
choices . For instance , weather , method , love , and result could be used as four
unrelated words . Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test .
He was rewarded with 5000 yuan for his bravery.
I hate the eight-year old boy, for he is too naughty.
? 她的行为不很成熟。
Statement n.声明，陈述
? The police made a statement yesterday.
? 警方昨天发表了一个声明。
? Your story is only a statement of what happened.
? 你的故事只是对事发过程的陈述。
Guarantee n.保证，担保，保修
? There is no guarantee (that) it will be nice weather tomorrow.
? 不能保证明天会是个好天气。
? The computer has a two-year guarantee.
? 这台电脑保修两年。
Guarantee v. 保证，担保，保修
? Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
? 就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。
? The fridge is guaranteed for three years.
? 这台冰箱保修三年。
Similar adj. 相似的
? My father and I have similar views on politics.
? 我和我爸的政治观点相似。
? I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
? 我买的新鞋和我以前的那双很相似。
Independent adj. 独立的
? An independent research organization was chosen to carry out the study.
? 一家独立研究机构被选来进行这项调查。
? His elder daughter is completely independent.
? 他的大女儿完全自立了。
pattern n. 型，模式；花样，图案
? The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
? 家庭生活模式近几年产生了一些变化。
? The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.
? 这块布的图案是红白格子的。
Conclusion N. 结论
? Did you come to any conclusions at the meeting this morning?
? 在今天上午的会上你们得出结论了吗？
? In conclusion, I should like to say that I am deeply concerned for the future of
British theatre.
? 总之，我想说我对英国戏剧的未来十分关注。
Communicate v. 交流；传达
? Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
? 连这门语言的一个字也说不了，所以他只能用手交流。
? I’m afraid we just don’t communicate.
? 恐怕我们没法交流。
purpose n. 目标；用途
? I came to Beijing for the purpose of seeing you.
? 我来北京就是为了看你。
? This machine has been made for a certain purpose.
? 这台机器是为了某种用途制造的。
Technique n. 技术；技巧
? Doctors have developed a new technique for treating the disease.
? 医生们已经研究出了一种治疗这种疾病的新技术。
? He is learning the technique of painting.
? 他正在学习绘画技巧。
outline v. 概述
? The area we’re interested in is outlined in red on the map.
? 地图上用红圈出的是我们感兴趣的地区。
? Ad the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
? 在面试的时候她大概地说了一下我要做的事情。
outline n. 概括；轮廓
? She drew the outline to the boat and then coloured it in.
? 她画了一只小船的轮廓然后又涂上了颜色。
? Do you have a broad outline of what was discussed?
? 你对所讨论的东西有个大概了解吗？
First of all 首先
? First of all, let me say a few words about our plan.
? 首先，我想就我们的计划说几句。
To depend on/upon 依靠
? Children depend on their parents.
? 孩子依靠父母。
? Mary depends completely on Bob for her happiness.
? 玛丽的幸福全依赖于鲍勃。
Be willing to 愿意
? If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
? 要是你愿意坐夜间的飞机，你可以买到更便宜的票。
? She’s willing to help in any way she can.
? 她愿意尽其所能提供帮助。
Be interested in 对…感兴趣
? Are you interested in collecting stamps?
? 你对集邮感兴趣吗？
? I’m interested in learning English.
? 我对学英语很感兴趣。
课文：
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”
Most adults (who are learning a second language) would disagree with this
statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds
of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every
adult language learner.
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people (who
are very intelligent and __ (successful) in their fields) find it difficult to succeed
in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find
it difficult to succeed in other fields.
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as
you can in the new language.” “practice speaking the language every day.” “Live
with people who speak the language.” “Don’t translate – try to think in the new
language.” “Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”
Henning found (that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their
mistakes on words that sound alike ; students with a higher proficiency made more of
their mistakes on words that have the same meaning .) Henning’s results suggest (that
beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory , while advanced
students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.
Make a choice
He suggested that I give up smoking.
His suggestion that I give up smoking was impossible.
Quantity—quality
primitive tribe
Brave
Civilized—civilization—civilize
Coke garlic—spring onion
Foreign friends/language
Abroad—go abroad
Go to foreign countries
Flesh/fat
Chewing gum
Helpless
Digestion/digest
Lemonade
Groundwork/base
Alkali
Butter
Combine with
Chief editor
Editor-in-chief mainly
Container
In fact
Regard as
Look as
The boss made me work 16 hours.
I was made to word 16 hours a day.
Married
Separate
Divorce
Supply sb. With sth.
provide sb. With sth.
offer sb. With sth.
LESSoN FIVE
TEXT A Fallacies about Food
Many primitive peoples believed that by eating
an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
They thought, (for example,) that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would
make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as
strong and brave as their enemies.
Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power
could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also
were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to
make people who ate them fall in love.
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up -- the idea that they were
poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they
could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas
during World War II.
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very
widespread.
one such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just
as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to
prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food
down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with
meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and
helps to digest the food.
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with
mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk
should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the
orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.
As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles
it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea
is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.
Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates
should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a
carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In
the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and
carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes
together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
Think of/ about/over
pest killer
Make fun of sb.
Be engaged in sth.
I am engaged in learning computer.---engagement
Calm/serious
Fog—foggy
Tomb
Stick to—transparent
Sticky tape
Muddy
Batman
Hardly
Hardly did I know their names.
Fashionable
old fashioned
out of fashion
Up-to-date out-of-date
Vary—various—variety
Boots
Intelligence—intelligent
Wise—wisdom
Be busy doing
Can’t help from doing
Find
Take good care of
Look after
As they are hardworking, hardworking as they are
Their thought must be very busy while they are engaged in these sports.
LESSoN FIVE TEXT B
Do Animals Think?
The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them
think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to
be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.
Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is true with some
insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races;
they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their
thoughts while (they are)engaged in these sports.
There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of
the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to
be very grave. The same is true of(prep.) the owl, who always looks as if he were
considering some important question.
Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searches for what it can use
in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build
their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in
arranging them, and in plastering them together with mud. Some spiders build houses
which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.
As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. The parrot learns to
talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to
imitate a great many different shounds. The horse is not long in learning many things
connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much
about most things as some other dogs, and yet he understands very well how to take care
of sheep.
Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their
ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest,
and it is always the same way. And so (it is true)of other animals. They have no new
fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new
ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.
Many of the things that animals know how to do(object.) they(subject.) seem to
know(v.) either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are
said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell what instinct is. It is by this
instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dams and huts. If these things
were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses, there would be some
changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.
I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a
young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where
there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his
building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets,
boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam.
Now,(语气词) if he had had his wits about(around) him, he would have known that there
was no use in building a dam where there was no water.
It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their senses as we do, they
do not think nearly as much about what they learn, and this is the reason why they do
not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not
think very much about what they see and hear. Nor
is this all. There are some things that we understand, but about which animals know
nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own
observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference
between right and wrong.
Engaged in these sports.
In this respect/aspect/
physical labor—blue collar
Mental labor—white collar
It is said/reported/believed/well-known/estimated
I got a bad cold yesterday
It is me who got a bad cold yesterday.
It is a bad cold that I got yesterday.
It is yesterday that I got a bad cold.
Clear, obviously
So am i. Now am I
Neither am i.
I like jazz. So does my brother.
I don’t I like smoking.
Nor does my brother.
neirther
LESSoN SIX TEXT B
The Difference Between plants And Animals
If you were asked, What is the difference between a plant and an animal? what
answer do you think you would give? Your first thought might be that a plant has leaves
and roots and flowers, which an animal has not. Yet that would not be correct; for
there are many plants which have neither roots nor leaves nor flowers, while there are
some animals which seem to have all three.
Look up into the sky, and then down at the earth beneath your feet. It is easy
enough, you think, to tell which is earth and which is sky; but if you live in the
wide, open country, or near the sea, you will often find when you look far away to the
place where sky and earth seem to meet, that this is a matter of some difficulty. You
see only the thin blue haze, like smoke, which is the dividing line between the heavens
and the earth. But just where the one ends and the other begins, you cannot tell.
Just so it is throughout all the world of Nature. You may look at a group of cows
standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and
you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.
But suppose you turn aside from these familiar, everyday things, and study objects
which you have to look at through a magnifying glass, and you will find many things
that will puzzle you. You will find plants without roots, leaves, flowers, or seeds;
and you will find animals without heads, legs, eyes, mouths, or stomachs.
Foggy\sunny\rainy\snowy\windy
Set aside\to turn aside from
Confuse---confused---confusing
puzzle----puzzling----puzzled
Melon-seeds
observe---observer---observation
Watch
Latter
Dweller
Narrow-------wide
Taste delicious
The ice-cream tastes delicious.
The idea sounds good.
Close---open
Shut up
Suck in
Be dissatisfied with
Happen occur
This animal lives on grass.
Take over----hand over
of\among
Tell a from b \ distinguish
Tell a story
Tell a lie
Heaven and hell.
If I were you , I would go abroad.
Students(researcher/scholar) of Nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they
observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object; and they see many
things which most people would fail to see. And thus they have found that the real
difference between plants and animals lies in what they do, and not in what they seem
to be.
We now know that about one fourth of all the kinds of seaweed are animals. A few
years ago all of them were classed as plants. It was long supposed that the main
difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the
latter could not. But this difference will not hold good.(established)
How then are we to know whether a living object is a plant or an animal? plants
can live on inorganic matter; they have the power of changing earth and air and water
into substances which enter into and become a part of themselves. Animals can live only
on what plants have already turned from inorganic to vegetable matter. Animals,
although they need some inorganic food, cannot live on it alone.
All the food that keeps our bodies strong, or makes them grow, was once in the
vegetable form. No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth,
if the plants had not come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order
of beings.
plants are the true fairies that are forever working wonders around us. Their
roots dig down into the earth and gather its treasures. Their leaves spread their broad
surfaces to the air and take in its riches; and out of what they have thus gathered
they produce the beautiful flowers, the delicious fruits, and the golden grain.
That arn computer well is important.
That we learn computer well is important.
I like the computer that my mum bought me on my birthday.
Three fourths
one third----two thirds
Human beings
I had learned 5000 words by the end of last year.
The plane had already taken off when I got to the airport.
Let us study more closely the way in which a plant grows. The root pushes itself down
into the earth. If it finds no water, it soon dies. If it finds water, it begins to
suck it up and change it into sap. Besides the water, it takes up such parts of the
soil as are dissolved in the water.
Here, then, you see in what ways the food of the plant is different from that of
animals.
No wonder you are late for it is so foggy today.
I wonder who will be the next president of the US.
Definite\indefinite
Marry to -----marry sb.
Marriage----get married
Grandfather----great grandfather
Forefather
Relation
Tradition
Basic---base---on the base of
Nuclear weapon\power
Extend ---- extension ----extended
Industry
post-war\post-graduated
Earn money\make money
Society---social---sociable
Like---be fond of ----care for----keen on
LESSoN SEVEN
TEXT A
Families
Family -- the word has different meanings for different people, and even the
dictionary gives us several definitions: a group of people related by blood or
marriage, two adults and their children, all those people descended from a common
ancestor, a household, and so on. Some people think of a family as a mother, a father,
and their children; others include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. For some
of us, family means the group of relatives living far away from home. For others,
having a family(gerund used for subject) simply means having children.(gerund used for
object) Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their
ancestors. No matter if (whether复合连接词) it is young or old, large or small,
traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. It is that feeling
of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and
sharing.
There are basically two types of families: nuclear families and extended
families. The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and father) and
their children. The mother and father form the nucleus, or center, of the nuclear
family. The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry. Then they
form new nuclear families.
The extended family is very large. There are often many nuclear families in one
extended family. An extended family includes children, parents, grand-parents, uncles,
aunts, and cousins. The members of an extended family are related by blood
(grandparents, parents, children, brothers, sisters, etc.) or by marriage (husbands,
wives, mothers-in-law, etc.). They are all related, so the members of an extended
family are called relatives. @
Regard as
No matter what= whatever
No matter how = however
No matter where = wherever
No matter when = whenever
Whatever do you want?
I will wait for you no matter where you are.
Be composed of ----make up of
Not ----until
I did not get up until 8.
Football is played by all over the world.
English is spoken by all the people.
I was bitten by a dog yesterday.
The book will be translated into 3 languages.
The book has been translated into 3 languages.
The book had been translated into 3 languages by the end of 1998.
The book can be translated into 3 languages.
The new subway is being built now.
Traditionally,(状语，修饰全句) all the members of an extended family lived in the
same area. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many
nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to(so as to ) find work. In
industrial societies today, the members of most nuclear families live together, but
most extended families do not live together. Therefore we can say that the nuclear
family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.
In post-industrial societies like the United States, even the nuclear family is
changing. The nuclear family is becoming smaller as(because) parents want fewer
children, and the number of childless families is increasing. Traditionally, the father
of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house
and the children. Today, more than 50% of the nuclear families in the United States are
two-earner families -- both the father and the mother earn money for the family -- and
in a few families the mother earns the money while the father takes care of the house
and the children. Many nuclear families are also splitting up -- more and more parents
are getting divorced.
What will be the result of this splitting of the nuclear family? Social scientists
now talk of two new family forms: the single parent family and the remarried family.
Almost 20% of all American families are single parent families, and in 85% of these
families the single find it difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon
marry again and form remarried families. As social scientists study these two new
family forms, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family
in the post-industrial age.
Sibling
DINK= double income and no kids
Who will in charge of your class ?
That is, or
I will take the umbrella if it rains.
As soon as he comes , he will tell me the truth.
Generate-----generation gap
part
He plays an important role in our class.
physical exercises\examination
Labor--------mental
emotionless
provide sb. With sth.= provide sth. For sb.
Supply --- offer
prepare
Main--- key----essential
predict
prefix
depend on\upon------dependence
independent from------independence
give up smoking-----give it up
we went to the Summer palace instead of going to the zoo.
He is busy preparing for his exam.
Be busy with doing
Can’t help(from) doing
I couldn’t help crying when I read the story.
LESSoN SEVEN (B)
The Changing American Family
The family is important to people all over the world although the structure of
the family is quite different from one country to another. In the United States, as in
many countries in the world, the family is changing. A generation or two ago, the
traditional family, in which the father was boss, was customary. Now, the modern
family, in which both the father and the mother are equal partners, is more common.
Although there are several similarities between the traditional and the modern family,
there are also some very important differences.
The traditional family of yesterday and the modern family of today have several
similarities. The traditional family was a nuclear family, and the modern family is,
too. The role of the father in the traditional family was to provide for his family.
Similarly, the father in the modern family is expected to do so, also. The mother in
the traditional family took care of the childrens physical and emotional needs just as
the modern mother does.
on the other hand, there are some great differences between the traditional
family and the modern family. The first important difference is in the mans role. The
traditional husband was the head of the household, because he was the only one who
worked outside the home. If the wife worked for pay, then the husband was not
considered to be a good provider. In many families today, both husband and wife work
for pay. Therefore, they share the role of head of household. In addition, the
traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the
modern husband shares these decisions with his working wife. Also, the traditional
husband did not help his wife with the housework or meal preparation. Dinner was ready
when he came home. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He
may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual for him to cook.
The second difference is in the womans role. In the traditional family, the
woman may have worked for pay during her first years of marriage. However, after she
became pregnant, she would usually give up her job. Her primary role was to take care
of her family and home. In contrast, in many families today, the modern woman works
outside the home even after she has children . Shes doing two jobs instead of one, so
she is busier than the traditional mother was. The traditional wife learned to live
within her husbands income. on the other hand, the modern wife does not have to (live
within her husband’s income) because the family has two incomes.
The final difference is in the role of the children. In the traditional family,
the children were taken care of by the mother because she did not work outside the
home. However, today preschool children may go to a child care center or to a
baby-sitter regularly because the mother works. The school-age children of a
traditional family were more dependent. Their mother was there to help them to get
ready for school and to make their breakfast. In contrast, modern children are more
independent. They have to get up early in the morning and get ready for school. Their
mother is busy getting ready for work, so they may even have to make their own
breakfast.
In conclusion, t of tod he American family ay is different from the family of
fifty years ago. In the modern family, the roles of the father, mother, and children
have changed as(because) more and more women work outside the home. The next century
may bring more important changes to the American family structure. It should be
interesting to see.
I am a sailor, and he is a sailor, too.
I am not psychiatrist and he is not, either.
To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
Children’s Day.
Women’s Day.
Teachers’ Day.
Let’s share the apple.
The room is shared by 4 girls.
Share-holder
I will help you with learning English.
Live within one’s income
Less and less
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
动词时态
动词的时态
备考要点：英语中常用的时态有12种。在英语（一）考试的词形填空题中，经常被测试的动词时态
有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时，且题目中一
般都有明显的时间暗示。
特别提示：
1）特殊记忆一些不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。
2）特殊记忆一些暗示一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时等时态的时间状语。具体
如下：
1.一般现在时
1) 一般现在时常与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, once a week等时间状语连用
。
2) 一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理。
3）第三人称单数作主语时，动词后要加-s
标志词：often, always, usually, every day, once a week
He takes a walk after supper every day.
How often do you wash your hair?
Sometimes information in the long-term memory is___ (be) hard to remember．(4B 2000 上
)
2.一般过去时
标志词：yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 1987
He lived in London when he was young.
In the l600’s，travelers from Europe_brought__ (bring) back diamonds from India．(6A
2000 上 )
3.一般将来时
Will (shall) + 动词原形
Am (is, are) going to +动词原形
Am (is, are) about to +动词原形
Am (is, are) to +动词原形
We’ll have to be careful in doing business with them.
4.现在进行时
Am (is, are) + doing
What are you doing?
I’m doing some washing.
5.现在完成时
1)现在完成时不能使用明确表示过去时间的状语，例如：yesterday, last week, in 1993等。
2)现在完成时可以和already, never, ever, not…yet等副词连用。@
3)现在完成时常和since引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的表一段时间的短语连用。
Have (has) + 过去分词
I haven’t seen her since 1991.
Have been sitting
Has’t paid
Had seen
Was making
Has been working
Am preparing
Has happened
The earth goes around the sun.
Water boils at 100 degrees.
He does’t take a walk after supper every day.
Does he take a walk after supper every day?
I am a teacher.
I am not a teacher.
Are you a teacher?
What’s your father?
What does your father do?
Be from com from
Where is your sister from?
Where does your sister come from?
It rains every Wednesday.
He goes to school by taxi every day.
How does he go to school every day.
What did you do 3 years ago?
Just now a moment ago
I received a gift just now.
He was a policeman a years ago.
Was were
Did
Say—said
Learn—learned/learnt
Read—read
Look—looked
Listen—listened
Speak—spoke
We will finish the course 3 weeks later.---in 3 weeks.
My mum will come to see me in 3 days.
My mum will come to see me within 3 days.
Will not=won’t
I won’t smoke.
I am having English class.
Look, they are playing the football.
Is your brother watching TV?
I am coming.
Go, come, arrive, leave, setoff,
She is leaving for HongKong.
I have had/kept the book for 3 weeks.
I have already learned 3000 words.
Have you ever been to SH?
I have never been there?
6.将来完成时
Will have +过去分词
By the time you are back this evening, I’ll have done all the work.
By the time we get to their house, they will have finished____(finish) supper. (2003上)
7.过去完成时
表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即“过去的过去”）。这个过去的某一时间
可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
By the time we got to the airport the plane had taken___(take) off. (2001 上)
常用动词的现在和过去分词
be Do Study Find Succeed Know Read Show Try Speak Hear Say Make
Think Have Bring Feel Lead pay Buy Cost Come See Hear put Catch Become
Break Build Drink Fall Fly Forget Give Hide Keep Lay Leave
Let Lose Meet Run Seek Sleep Stand Write Teach
1) Tom was 23 when his father _died_ (die).
2) practice alone _does not guarantee_ (not guarantee) success for an adult
language learner.
3) She _will tell_ (tell) you the news when you ask her to.
4) Who _invented_ (invent) the world’s first computer?
5) Language teachers often _offer_ (offer) advice to language learner.
6) The waiter soon _brought_ (bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook
his head.
7) Since his father died 3 years ago, he _has not paid_ (not pay) any taxes.
8) “What are you doing now?” “I _am preparing_ (prepare) my lessons for the
final exam.”
9) What _has happened_ (happen) here? There is blood on the floor.
10) In a hundred years time people _will go_ (go) to other planets for their
holidays.
1) Sometimes information in the long-term memory ____ (be) hard to remember．(4B 2000
上 )
2) In the l600’s，travelers from Europe____ (bring) back diamonds from India．(6A 2000
上 )
3) By the time we get to their house, they ____ (finish) supper. (2003上)
4) By the time we got to the airport the plane ____ (take) off. (2001 上)
5) All the food that __keeps__ (keep) our bodies strong, was once in the vegetable
form.( 6B 2003 上)
6) In 1964, the olympic Games in Tokyo __became__ (become) the first program to be
transmitted via satellite. (8A 2003 下 )
7) our region __has made__ (make) great advances over the past ten years. (2000 上)
8) In the recent past, medical researchers __have begun__ (begin) to emphasize the
fact that heart diseases are associated with stress, smoking and a lack of exercise.
(16A 2003 下)
Have you finished your paper yet?
I have’t finished the paper yet.
I have’t seen her for 14 years.
I have’t seen her since 14 years ago.
She has leaned dance since 5.
She has leaned dance for 20 years.
She has leaned dance since 20 years ago.
It is 3 years since we saw each other last.
I will have finished studying English by this time next year.
He will have studied for 5 years here by June next year.
The train had left when I got the station.
I had finished my supper when mum got home.
The film had already been on for half an hour.
He has been away from home for 3 years.
Fly—flew—flown
Lie—lied—lied
Lie—lay—lain
Lay—laid—laid
>第33讲 第八单元讲解
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
9) The number of violent acts on televisions in the past years __has increased__
increase) from about 19 to 27 per hour. (15A 2004 上)
10) Your mind _will keep___ (keep) up with your reading speed if you ask it to. (12B
2004 上)
KEY:
1) is
2) brought
3) will have finished
4) had taken
5) keeps
6) became
7) has made
8) have begun
9) has increased
10) keeps
1) Language learning research _-s_ (show) that successful language learners are
similar in many ways.
2) Successful learners _do not wait_ (not wait) for a chance to use the
language.
3) The Atlantic ocean is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus
_crossed_ (cross) it.
4) one of the longest mountain ranges of the world _rises_ (rise) from the floor
of the Atlantic.
5) Information that _does not make_ (not make) any sense to you is difficult to
remember.
6) Traditionally, all the members of an extended family _lived_ (live) in the
same area.
7) At the beginning of the twentieth century, there _were_ (be) four powerful
means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances
8) In 1975, many people in India _saw_ (see) television for the first time as
they watched programs about agriculture and health.
9) Science _had_ (have) its beginning when man started asking questions about
his environment.
10) When the sorting is completed, there _will be_ (be) for each word anywhere from
two or three to several hundred quotations, each on its card.
11) An insurance agent _called_ (call) me this morning.
12) A young father who _purchases_ (purchase) a fairly small life insurance policy
agrees to pay a sum of $200 every year for 40 years.
13) Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to
violent programs _had increased_ (increase) significantly.
14) one afternoon while she _was preparing_ (prepare) dinner in her kitchen, Anne
peters, a 32-year-old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest
accompanied by shortness of breath.
In the final analysis, we think that although fitness will not guarantee that you
_will live_ (live) longer, it can help you enjoy the years you do live.
By through
Transmission
Tele-telescope
Trans-cross
Transport. Transplant. Translate.
Eatablished
Track
Vision, visible, invisible
Be able to
Forecast—foretell
Limitation
Well-educated
Educational system
Remote controller
At the same time
Meanwhile
private
personality
Harmful
Be harmful for/to
Application form
Apply for
I’d like to apply for a visa to America.
Apply to
I can apply this method to my teaching.
Applicant
LESSoN EIGHT
TEXT
Telecommunication via Satellite
At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were four powerful means of
transmitting and receiving information over long distances: print, photography,
telegraph, and telephone. By the middle of the century, both radio and television had
become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures. In 1964, the olympic
Games in Tokyo became the first program to be transmitted via satellite.
In order to transmit an event such as the olympics via satellite, television
signals are first changed into radio waves, which are then sent from a station on earth
to an orbiting satellite. The satellite receives the radio waves and sends them back to
earth, where another station picks them up and changes them back into television
signals. Because any form of sound or visual information can be changed into radio
waves, satellites are capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts, but
telephone calls and printed materials such as books and magazines.
The combination of satellites,(s) which transmit information, computers,(s) which
store information, and television,(s) which displays information, will change every
home into(o) an education and entertainment center. In theory, every person will have
access to an unlimited amount of information.
Another important use of telecommunication satellites was demonstrated in 1974
when the Teacher in Sky satellite transmitted educational programs to classes in remote
areas of the United States. In 1975, many people in India saw television for the first
time as(when) they watched programs about agriculture and health.
The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in
isolated areas where transportation is difficult. For example, a health worker in an
isolated area was able to transmit pictures of a patients wound to a doctor far away.
He was then able to follow the doctors instructions on how to care for the patient.
The most common use of telecommunication satellites, however, has been for
transmitting telephone calls.
自考英语(一)通关网络版 >第35讲 第八单元B课文讲解
本讲为2006年上半年新的教学内容，请对照教材听录音！
Most of them travel 40,000 miles to a satellite and then back to earth. Ten years
ago, a satellite was capable of receiving and transmitting more than 33,000 telephone
conversations simultaneously. Now a single satellite is able to transmit over l00,000
conversations as well as several television channels -- all at the same time.
Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use
quickly and easily, but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy. If
personal information is stored in computers, then it may be easily transmitted via
satellite to anyone who can pay for the service.
Another worry is that telecommunication systems may isolate people from each
other. When people are able to shop from their homes, do their banking without leaving
the house, watch any movie they want on their television, as well as get any
information they need, then there will not be as much contact between people.
It is important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.
We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology. As one
telecommunication expert says, We must remember that technology alone is not the
answer...It is (the intelligent application of technology) that will lead us to
success.
It+be+强调部分+that(who)分句
It is my brother who is listening to the jazz.
It was in Beijing that they met each other for the first time.
LESSoN EIGHT (B)
TEXT B
What people Dont Know about Air
The air around us is important to everyone. Without air, we could not
exist.(subjunctive) Everyone understands that. But air is necessary in many other ways
-- ways that are not always so obvious or widely known.
For example, if we did not have air, there would be no sound. Sound travels through
air. Where there is no air,(状从) there is no sound.(主句)
The letter can be written with pen and\or ballpen.
Gasoline=gas station
Stare at=fix at
Create---creative---creation---creativity
Elementary
Depend on\upon
Rely on\upon
If we didn’t have air, we could not exit.
Without air, there would be no fire. There would be no cars or trucks, since motors
need air in order to work.
Without air, there would be no wind or clouds. There would be no weather, as we
know it.(结构：状、意义：定) The night time would be very cold and the days very hot.
We would be forced to seek shelter from the sun, as there would be no atmosphere to
protect us from the suns deadly rays.
The atmosphere is all the air surrounding the earth. Atmospheric pressure is the
weight of all that air against the surface of the earth. If we did not have atmospheric
pressure, we could not have automobile tires. The tires would burst if they did not
have the pressure of the atmosphere against their surfaces.
Large and powerful,(being large and powerful) the atmosphere consists of an ocean
of gases hundreds of miles high. It presses down on our bodies with a force of more
than fourteen pounds per square inch. The narrow column of air which rests upon our
shoulders weighs almost 2,000 pounds. But our bodies are built in such a way that this
weight does not crush us.
In this huge ocean of air there is more energy than in all the coal, oil, and gas
that we have on earth. Electrical energy is collected in the atmosphere as water is
collected and stored in a dam. The existence of electricity in the air has been known
for centuries. Men have gazed in wonder at the bright patterns of lightning in storm
clouds. But a thorough study of electricity in the atmosphere was not possible until
the development of radio and radar.
one scientist, Dr. Sydney Chapman, has tried to explain the electric field which
surrounds the earth. He believes that the great storms on the sun create large amounts
of electric energy. This energy is contained in a very light gas called hydrogen. The
earth pulls the gas toward it, and a ring is formed around the earth several thousand
feet above its surface. The great space ring is a powerful current of electrical
energy. Sometimes the ring comes down and curves into the lower atmosphere, causing
strange electrical effects.
Dr. Chapmans ideas explain many things. It has long been known that there is an
electric field inside the earth. It(electric field) moves in much the same manner as
the electric energy contained in the atmosphere. Scientists now believe that the
electric energy in the atmosphere causes the electric energy inside the earth to flow.
If we can learn to control the energy in the atmosphere, we will have an unending
supply of energy. Many scientists are trying to learn how to control it. In the
meantime, even those of us who are not scientists have begun to pay attention to air.
We realize that air does not contain the same elements that it contained years ago.
Automobiles, airplanes, factories, and atomic explosions have added dust and waste
gases to the atmosphere. It is time to learn how to protect our atmosphere, the roof
over the world of man.
If I were you, I would give up smoking.
Were I you, I would give up smoking.
If you went now, you could see him.
If you had taken my advice, you would have got success.
Had you taken my advice, you would have got success.
It is important that our earth should be protected form pollution.
It is necessary that he read English every day.
条件从句， ＋主句
If there were no air, there would be no wind.
Were there no air, there would be no wind.
Without air, there would be no wind.
If …, … .
与现在相反：If+过去式， would (should) + 动词原形
If I were you, I would reconsider their proposal.
If the manager were here, he might make a decision.
与过去相反：
If+过去完成时(had+过去分词), should (would) + have +过去分词
If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.
If he hadn’t been ill, he might have come.
Had he not been ill, he might have come.
与将来相反：
If+should +动词原形 (were+动词不定式)，should (would) + 动词原形
If he should fail, we should encourage him to try again.
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
省略条件从句中的if
如果条件从句的谓语包含有had, should 或were，有时if 可以省略。
If he had not been ill, he might have come.
Had he not been ill, he might have come.
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
Were I to do it, I would do it in a different way.
If it should rain tomorrow, what could we do?
Should it rain tomorrow, what could we do?
主语从句
下列结构中，从句用“动词原形”或“should+动词原形”
It is necessary (important, essential, advisable, ordered, proposed, requested,
suggested, recommended, demanded ) that…
It is necessary that he __ there at once.
Send; sent; is sent; be sent
Send; sends; sent; be sent
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be held at some other time.
宾语从句
下列动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“动词原形”或“should+动词原形”
suggest, insist, recommend, propose, require, request, demand
They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult.
We insisted that Mr. Brown chair the meeting.
Wish后的宾语从句表未实现的主观愿望
动词形式
用法
过去式
表当时未实现的愿望
过去完成式
表过去未实现的愿望
过去将来式
表将来不大可能实现的愿望
I would rather _walk__ (walk) home.
I would rather you __walked_ (walk) home.
I wish I were as young as you.
We wish he hadn’t gone.
It is time that…
It is time _to go_ (go) to school.
It is time you _went_ (go) to school.
巩固练习
They wish there __ (be) much water and air on the moon.
If fish were the best brain food, many people _would eat_ (will, eat) more fish than
usual to improve their memory.
If we _did not have_ (not, have) air, there would be no sound.
It is recommended that he _apply_ (apply) for a position in an international bank.
If we _had been_ (have, be) more careful, such mistakes could have been avoided.
If her pains _had been caused_ (have, cause) by a heart attack and not by panic, she
would probably have been operated on in the hospital.
Without air, the night time _would be_ (will, be) very cold and the days very hot.
I would rather he _bought_ (buy) the house next year.
I wish man _could build_ (can, build) a nest which is as good as one built by birds.
It is desirable that both the father and mother _earn_ (earn) money for the family.
If we ______ (not, have) air, there would be no sound. （8B 2000上）
If we did not have atmospheric pressure, we __could not have__ (can, not, have)
automobile tires. (8B 2003 下)
要是昨天他早一点回到家，他的女儿就不会把他的手表拆了。（2000上）
If he had come home a little earlier yesterday, his daughter would not have taken apart
his watch ．
wish, would rather (sooner)后的虚拟语气
I didn‘t go to the party, but I do wish I ___(be) there. (2002 下)
We often hear old people wishing they ___ young again .
[A] are were
[C] had been [D] will be
(2001 上)
从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。
备考要点：
特殊记忆教材p542-3页上所涉及到的词汇。
LESSoN SIX TEXT A
Diamonds
Diamonds are rare, beautiful, and also quite useful. They are the hardest
substance found in nature. That means a diamond can cut any other surface. And only
another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.
Diamonds are made from carbon. Carbon is found in all living things, both plant
and animal.
Substantial
Coal
press
Gas---solid---liquid
Melt away
popularity
This type of Mp3 is popular with the college students.
Red stone---jewel
Form-----fill in\out the form
Tube baby
A little bit
Lift---escalator
Damage
Fat
She had two romantic experiences last summer.
He is an old worker with much experience.
Mine
At once----right away----one minute
The desk is made of wood.
The wine is made from grape.
The paper is made in China.
Time is running out.
We are running out of coffee.
Sort=kind---all kinds of =all sorts of
Sticky tape-----cling to
Impress---impression
Fatty
Brazilian
Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into
diamonds. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot, liquid mass of molten rock deep
inside the earth. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed
upward through cracks in the earths crust. As the liquid cooled, the carbon changed
into diamond crystals.
There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.
The first known(famous) area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of
years ago. In the 1600s, travelers from Europe brought back these beautiful stones from
India. Diamonds became very (be)popular with the kings and queens of Europe.
In the 1720s, diamonds were discovered in Brazil. This discovery came at a good
time, too. Indias supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2,500 years of
mining the stones.
In the 1800s, two other important areas were found in Russia and South Africa.
Today, most diamonds used in industry come from Russia. Most diamonds used as gems come
from South Africa. only twenty-five percent of all diamonds mined are good enough for
cutting into gems.
Most of the diamonds in India were found in stream beds. people would pick up
handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds. These
diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of
moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago.
Most diamonds today are not found in stream beds, however. They are mined from
rock formations deep inside the earth called pipes. Scientists believe that these are
parts of volcanoes that were formed when molten rock pushed upward through the earths
crust. The hard rock in which diamonds are found is called blue ground, because it is
somewhat blue. The blue ground is blasted into large pieces of rock which are carried
to the surface by elevator. Then the rocks are carefully crushed so that the diamonds
are not destroyed. Next, the crushed material is taken over to washing tables. Here, it
flows over boards thickly coated with grease. Since diamonds stick to grease, they are
left behind by the rocks and mud which flow down the tables.
It is said\reported\estimated\known\
Well-known----unknown
He is a well-known musician.
Unknown number
pick out
I will pick out 10 of you to attend the contest.
Diamonds, as they are found, do not look very impressive. They are gray,
greasy-looking pebbles. Experienced diamond miners can tell(distinguish) a diamond
immediately. But some people have carried around(about) an unusual pebble for weeks
before finding out that they had got a diamond.
LESSoN NINE TEXT A
Learned Words and popular Words
In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, (taken
together, ---过去分词短语作条件状语，相当于if the two great classes of words are taken
together)make up the whole vocabulary.
Could you tell A from B?
Cultivate ----cultivation
Well-cultivated
Stock market---stock exchange
Educate---education---educated
Well-educated
Be acquaint with
Informal
High
They were highly praised by their teacher.
I am used to the life style.
Important---importance
Lively
In case
I will take the umbrella in case it rains.
In the case---in this case---in that case
In that case , I had nothing to say.
Derivation
Adult
Apply for
I will apply for the visa to US.
Apply to
I won’t apply the method to you.
Application-----applicant
Application form
Classify----class
First class----economy class---grade
Convenience----inconvenient---inconvenience
Is it convenient for you to meet me at 4 tomorrow afternoon?
Avoid doing
I must avoid meeting you again.
Misunderstand---mislead---mistake.
present---absent
Generally speaking,
A puma at large
Appear
owing to ----because of
First, there are those words (with which we become familiar in ordinary
conversation), which we learn，that is to say, from the members of our own family and
from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who speak the
language. Such words may be called popular, since they belong to the people at large
and are not the possession of a limited class only.
on the other hand, our language includes a large number of words (which are
relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation). Their meanings are known to every
educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home. our first
acquaintance with them comes not from our mothers lips or from the talk of our
classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal
conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an
elevated style. Such words are called learned, and the difference between them and
popular words is of great importance to a right understanding of language.
The difference between popular and learned words may be easily seen in a few
examples. We may describe a girl as lively or as vivacious. In the first case, we are
using a native English word formed from the familiar noun life. In the latter, we are
using a Latin derivative which has exactly the same meaning. Yet the atmosphere of the
two words is quite different. No one ever got the adjective lively out of a book. It is
a part of everybodys vocabulary. We cannot remember a time (when we did not know it),
and we feel sure that we learned it long before we were able to read. on the other
hand, we must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word
vivacious. We may even remember the first time that we saw it in print or heard it from
some grown-up friend. Both lively and vivacious are good English words, but lively is
popular and vivacious is learned.
The terms popular and learned, as applied to words, are not absolute definitions.
No two persons have the same stock of words, and the same word may be popular in one
mans vocabulary and learned in anothers. There are also different grades of popularity.
Still, the classification into learned and popular is convenient and sound. Different
opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word, but there can be
no difference of opinion about the general principle. We must be careful, however, to
avoid misconception. When we call a word popular, we do not mean that it is a favorite
word, but simply that it belongs to the people as a whole -- that is, it is everybodys
word, not the possession of a limited number. When we call a word learned we do not
mean that it is used by learned persons alone, but simply that its presence in the
English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the
actual needs of ordinary conversation.
Former
I prefer the former to the latter.
Late---later----latest----latter
3 days later, 3 years later
Latest=newest
Do you like the latest style?
2. As is known, light much faster than sound.
A. traveled B. travels C. is traveling D. has traveled
3. The teacher told the students that the earth around the sun.
A. went B. goes C. will go D. has gone
4. We always for each other and each other.
A. care; help B. cared; help C. care; helped D. will care; help
5. The train at eight 0’clock tonight.
A. will start B. starts C. is to start D. has started
6. I’d like to have a talk with you, but very busy now.
A. will be B. am C. was D. am not
7. When they school, they will go back to their hometown.
A. will leave B. leave C. are to leave D. will have left
8. —When again?
—When he , I’ll let you know.
A. he comes; comes B. will he comes; will come
C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes;
9. The boy even won’t have his lunch before his mother back from work.
A. will come B. came C. comes D. is coming
10. Hand in your papers when you the test.
A. are finishing B. will finish C. will have finished D. have
finished
11. I’ll begin the dictation when you ready.
A. were B. will be C. are D. have been
12. Let’s get in the wheat before the sun .
A. will set B. was set C. would set D. sets
13. Don’t get off the bus until it .
A. will stop B. stopped C. has stopped D. stops
14. We will start as soon as our team leader back.
A. comes B. will come C. came D. is to come
15. If it tomorrow we’ll stay at home.
A. will rain B. were C. rained D. rains
16. —Would you care for a cup of tea?
—I mine. Thank you just the same.
A. did have B. had C. have had D. have
17. Before liberation my father only one meal a day.
A. had had B. used to have C. would have D. was having
18. When I was your age, I long hours.
A. work B. will work C. worked D. had worked
19. He used to have breakfast at nine when he alone. But nowadays he
it at eight.
A. lives; had B. lived; has C. had lived; had had D. lived; is having
20. Sorry, I you so busy.
A. don’t know; are B. didn’t know; were C. did know; were D. do know; were
21. Hello! I you in Beijing. How long have you been here?
A. don’t know; were B. hadn’t known; are C. didn’t know; were D. haven’t
known; are
（所发资料40页）
1. I don’t know if the teacher us in the party next week.
A. joins B. has joined C. will join D. is joining
2. They have just decided that they up the job.
A. take B. have taken C. took D. won’t take
3. I my key and can’t enter the house.
A. lost B. had lost C. have lost D. lose
4. I two tickets for the football match. Would you like to go with me?
A. got B. have got C. had got D. get
5. Your parents for you everywhere. Go back quickly!
A. looked B. are looking C. look D. have looked
6. The couple each other since their school days.
A. have know B. has known C. knows D. know
7. — that letter?
—Yes. I it when I tidied the drawer.
A. Did you find, have found B. Did you find, has found
C. Have you found, found D. Have you found, have found
8. The police found the house and a lot of things .
A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolen
C. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen
9. Mary told me that she to the supermarket before coming home.
A. went B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
10. Don’t worry. This isn’t the last test. These another one in two weeks.
A. will be going to B. will be C. is D. has been
(所发资料39页)
1、 If I __________ where he lived I ___________ a note to him.
A. knew; would send B. had known; would have sent C. know; would send D. knew; would
have sent
2、 If they _______ earlier than expected, they _______ here now.
A. had started; would be B. started; might be C. had started; would have been D. will
start; might have been
3、 I didn’t know his telephone number. _______ it, I ______ then.
A. Had I known; would ring him up B. Should I know; would have rung him up
C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up
4、 Mary is ill today. If she __________, she _______ absent from school.
A. were not ill; wouldn’t be B. had been ill; wouldn’t have been
C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn’t been ill; could be
5、 Were I to do it, I _____ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
6、 I ______ him the answer _______ possible, but I was so busy then.
A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it
C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be
7、 Without your help, we _______ so much.
A. won’t achieve B. didn’t achieve C. don’t achieve D. wouldn’t have
achieved
8、 You didn’t take his advice. __________ his advice, you _______ such a mistake.
A. Had you taken; wouldn’t have made B. If you had taken; would make
C. Were you to take; shouldn’t have made D. have you taken; won’t have made
9、 We wish we _______ what you did when we were at high school.
A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do
10、she wishes she _______ to the theatre last night.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going
（所发资料85页）
1. If I ______ ten years younger, I ______ very happy.
A. were, would be B. am, shall be C. were, shall be D. am, would be
2. ------ You can ask your brother for help.
------ He is not at home. If he _______ , I ______ .
A. is, wood B. were, would C. is, will D. were, will
3. If you _______ the doctor’s advice, you would have already recovered.
A. follow B. followed C. would follow D. had followed
4. If he had not missed the train, he ______ by then.
A. might get B. might have got C. got D. had got
5. What would you have done last night, if you ______ to write your homework?
A. hadn’t B. haven’t had C. didn’t have D. hadn’t had
6. ------ Did you catch the plane:
------ No, if I had hurried, I ______ .
A. would B. would have C. could D. did
7. Why didn’t you tell him the truth? If I ________ you, I would have.
A. were B. had been C. am D. would be
8. ------ How do you like the party?
------ Wonderful. If you had come with us, you _____ a good time.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had
9. If I _______ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper.
A. didn’t run B. shouldn’t run C. haven’t run D. hadn’t run
10. If you _____ early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon.
A. have started B. were start C. were to start D. had started
11. If you _____ to the moon one day, you would find it quite different from the
earth.
A. travel B. had traveled C. should travel D. have traveled
12. What _______ yesterday if you ________ TV programmer.
A. would you do, hadn’t watch B. would you have done, hadn’t watched
C. could you do, didn’t watch D. would you have done, didn’t watch
13. ----- Are you thinking about going to Dalian for the vacation?
----- No, but if I ______ time, I _______ very glad to go there.
A. have, will be B. had had, would have been C. had, would be D. had had, would
be
14. ------ My boss often made me work day and night.
------ If I _______ you, I ______ able to decide.
A. am, will give up B. had been you, would have given up
C. were, would give up D. had been you, would give up
15. If you tell me all about it, I ______ able to decide.
A. would be B. could be C. were D. shall be
16. If you ________ George, would you please tell him to ring me ?
A. saw B. were to C. have seen D. see
17. I’m sure he hasn’t sent the letter. If he _______ it, I _______ it.
A. sent, got B. sent, have got C. sent, would go D. had sent, would have got
18. ------ Sally finally got here from Chicago.
------ If she ______ earlier, we ______ her to the party then.
A. came, would take B. had come, would have taken C. comes, will take D. had
known, would take
19. I don’t know whether to take the medicine at once. If I ______, I _______ it.
A. knew, would take B. had known, would have taken C. knew, would have taken D.
had known, would take
20. ------ Did you need any help with your maths last night?
------ No. If I ______ , I ______ you.
A. had, would have called B. had, would call C. had needed, would have called D.
had needed, would call
Be used to + N
Used to +v
I used to get up at 6.
I am used to playing tennis in the morning.
Eats
Whether
If you had taken my advice yesterday, you would be fine now.
Should have done
Shouldn’t have done
You should have given up smoking.
You shouldn’t have stolen his money.
ought to
Started
1. vp (were)
2. were to +v原
3. should+ v原
should start
produce V
product N
production= out put
Security system
Mean to do
Mean doing
prefer A to B
Clearly----obviously
person----personality
enlarge
deepen
sharpen
minimum
sharpener
be aware of ---be unaware of
He is not aware of his pain at all.
Accurate
At ease
This medicine can ease your pain.
Encounter
Begin to do = begin doing
Start to do = start doing
Supply sb. With sth.
TEXT B
How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary?
Through Context
When students in a college class were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading, eighty-four percent said, Look it up in the dictionary. If you do, however, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.
But theres another reason. Suppose someone asks you what the word fast means. You answer, swift. But does it mean that in such contexts as fast color, fast woman, or fast friend ? And if a horse is fast, is it securely tied or running at top speed? It could be either. It ahll depends. on the dictionary? No, on context -- on how the word is actually used. After all there are over twenty different meanings for fast in the dictionary. But the dictionary doesnt tell you which meaning is intended. Thats why it makes such good sense to begin with context.
Through Word parts
Now for the next step. often new words contain one or more parts, which, if recognized, provide specific help with meaning. Suppose you read that someone had a preference for reading travel books. The context certainly isnt too helpful. But do you see a prefix, suffix, or root that you know? Well, theres the familiar prefix pre-, meaning before. Look back at the context and try inserting before. Reading travel books apparently comes before other kinds of reading. Yes, a preference is something put before something else.
Your second step, then, is to look for familiar word parts. If they do not give you exact meaning, they should at least bring you much closer.
Now you can see why you should consult the dictionary last, not first. Youve looked carefully at context. Youve looked for familiar word parts. Now you play Sherlock Holmes -- an exciting role. You guess. What exactly does that strange word mean? only when you go through the mental exercises to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if youre right.
Transport
happiness
unhappy
careful
carelessness
try to do sth.
Try doing sth.
I will try to help you with your English.
The front door is lock, why don’t you try entering from the back door.
You play an important role\part in your class.
An exciting game
I felt so excited.
This book is interesting, and I am interested in it.
only you can solve the problem.
only in this way can you solve the problem.
After all, those first two steps or approaches spark a stronger than usual interest
in that dictionary definition. Youre now personally involved. Did you find out the word
meaning? Your heightened interest will lead to better memory of both word and meaning.
It also encourages your development of the habits needed to speed your progress. And
when you see in black and white the definition you had expected, what a feeling of
success is yours. In that way, the CpD Formula provides you with maximum effectiveness.
Well, there it is, your new formula---Contextual , parts , Dictionary . Use it ! The
exercise which follow will give you specific , step-by-step help in sharpening your
awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the
dictionary with increased accuracy and ease. The results will be like money in the
bank.
The car accident leads to 33 deaths.
The 33 deaths lead from the car accident.
Develop a habit = form a habit
Develop a film
Speed up -----slow dow
How clever you are!
What a clever girl you are !
How fast you run !
Anything else ?
I have something important to tell you .
Science----scientific---scientist---scientifically
Environmental protection
surroundings
curious
imagine---imagine doing sth.
I can’t imagine your sleeping at the class.
Aperture
Take apart
Stimulation
Well-known---unknown number
I like the previous headmaster.
Former---latter
Disagree with sb.
Disagree to do sth.
Disagreement
Unhappy
LESSoN TEN
TEXT A
Scientific Attitudes
Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment.
He wondered where the sun went at night and why the sky was blue. He questioned why the
wind blew and the leaves fell. He sought answers to these and other questions. Not all(
部分否定) his answers were correct, but at least he did want to know.
Curiosity and Imagination
Science began to develop rapidly when man laid aside his wrong beliefs and began
to seek true explanations. Young children are curious about how things work. The child
wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work.
Fail -----succeed
Failure----success
Solve
Solute N \ adj
opinion----thoughts
Adaptation
Adopt
perfection -----perfectible
practice makes perfect.
Accept ---- unacceptable
Receive
Accept ---refuse
I received an invitation.
I accepted their invitation.
Completely ----- totally
Frequency-----often
A piece of evidence
Result
Determine to do sth.
Determine on\upon sth.
Determination
Decide to do sth. ----decision
Grow---grew---grown
Grown-up
To set aside
Lay----laid----laid
Lie----lay----lain
Lie----lied----lied
carry on
Take no care of
Ahead of
According to
Look down upon
Make fun of sb.
In the evening -----on Monday evening
In the morning ------ on a sunny morning
Benjamin Frankin wondered about(at) lightning. He combined his curiosity with
imagination and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightning and an
electric spark are the same thing. Curiosity and imagination are important qualities
which help(to) stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.
Belief in Cause and Effect
Scientifically minded people(副词+过去分词+名词) believe in a “cause-and-effect”
relationship. They feel there is a perfectly natural explanation for everything. For
example, there is a good reason why some leaves turn red and others yellow in the fall.
Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena. Some common
phenomena, however, are not completely understood. Still others cannot be explained at
all at this time. In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of
view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.
Being open-Minded
open-mindedness is also extremely important to a scientific attitude. This means
the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously
thought. It includes an ability to accept new and sometimes even disagreeable ideas.
The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasant or unpleasant. He must
expect many failures and be willing to try again. Thomas Edison failed thousands of
times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.
The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance. Scientists must be able
to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are
discovered. The mind cannot be made up once and for all. New knowledge may make a
change in thinking necessary. This is another way of saying that man’s understanding
is always less than perfect. What is accepted as true often is relatively, and not
absolutely, true. A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in
the light of what is known at a particular time.
Respect for the Views of others
Another part of a scientific attitude is respect for the views of others. This is
easy when these views are like one’s own. The difficulty comes up when their ideas are
different. Views which are entirely new or foreign(strange) may also be hard to accept.
He is curios about everything around him.
Want , require , need
The flower wants watering.
The flower wants to be watered.
The room needs cleaning .
The room needs to be cleaned.
Highly-praised plan;
Well-educated children;
Well-decorated house;
Well-cultivated field;
Newly-arrived visitors;
Well-organized class;
New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted. Scientists such as Galileo, Louis
pasteur, and Edward Jenner were laughed at because they held theories that were not
accepted. Respect for new ideas is important for continued progress in all fields of
knowledge.
opinions Based on Evidence
Sometimes evidence is not complete. It may take time for new facts to become
available. When they are available, a person may have to change his mind. New findings
may also require a “wait-and-see” attitude. For example, there is an experiment on
the sprouting of seeds which has been running for more than 50 years. The purpose is to
determine how long a time seeds can be buried in the ground and still grow when proper
conditions for growth exist.
It+takes+somebody(宾格)+时间(金钱，等)+to do
花费时间（金钱，等）去做某事
It took him five minutes to solve the problem.
It takes many hands to do the work.
It took me 150 dollars to buy this coat.
附加习题及答案下载
不规则动词
不定式 过去式 过去分词 不定式 过去式 过去分词
awake Awoke Awaken Eat Ate Eaten
be Was, were Been Fall fell fallen
Bear Bore Born/borne Feel Felt felt
Beat Beat Beaten Fight Fought fought
Become Became Become Find Found found
Begin Began Begun Flee Fled fled
Blow Blew Blown Fly Flew flown
Bend Bent Bent Forbid forbade, forbad forbidden
Break Broke Broken Forget Forgot forgot, forgotten
Bring Brought Brought Freeze Froze frozen
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Get Got Got, gotten
Build Built Built Give Gave given
Burn Burnt, burned Burnt, burned Go Went gone
Burst Burst Burst Grow Grew grown
Buy Bought Bought Hang Hanged, hung Hanged, hung
Cast Cast Cast Have Had Had
Catch Caught Caught Hear Heard Heard
Choose Chose Chosen Hide Hid Hidden
Come Came Come Hit Hit Hit
Cut Cut Cut Hold Held Held
Dig Dug Dug Hurt Hurt Hurt
Do Did Done Keep Kept Kept
Draw Drew Drawn Kneel Knelt Knelt
Dream Dreamt, dreamed Dreamt, dreamed Know Knew Known
Drink Drank Drunk Lay Laid Laid
Drive Drove Driven Lead Led led
Lean Leant, leaned Leant, leaned Sing Sang Sung
Learn Learnt, learned Learnt, learned Sink Sank Sunk
Leave Left Left Sit Sat Sat
Lend Lent Lent Sleep Slept Slept
Let Let Let Smell Smelt Smelt
Lie Lay Lain Speak Spoke Spoken
Light Lit, lighted Lit, lighted Spend Spent Spent
不定式 过去式 过去分词 不定式 过去式 过去分词
Rid Rid Rid Swim Swam Swum
Ride Rode Ridden Take Took Taken
Ring Rang Rung Teach Taught Taught
Rise Rose Risen Tear Tore Torn
Run Ran Run Tell Told Told
Say Said Said Think Thought Thought
See Saw Seen Throw Threw Thrown
Sell Sold Sold Understand Understood Understood
Send Sent Sent Wake Woke Woken
Set Set Set Wear Wore Woken
Sew Sewed Sewn Weave Wove Woven
Shake Shook Shaken Weep Wept Wept
Shine Shone, shined Shone, shined Win Won Won
Shoot Shot Shot Wind Wound, winded Wound, winded
Show Showed Shown Write Wrote Written
Shut Shut Shut
练习四
1．Water at 100°C
A. boils B. is to boil C. will boil D. boiled
2. As is known, light much faster than sound.
A. traveled B. travels C. is traveling D. has traveled
3. The teacher told the students that the earth around the sun.
A. went B. goes C. will go D. has gone
4. We always for each other and each other.
A. care; help B. cared; help C. care; helped D. will care; help
5. The train at eight 0’clock tonight.
A. will start B. starts C. is to start D. has started
6. I’d like to have a talk with you, but very busy now.
A. will be B. am C. was D. am not
7. When they school, they will go back to their hometown.
A. will leave B. leave C. are to leave D. will have left
8. —When again?
—When he , I’ll let you know.
A. he comes; comes B. will he comes; will come
C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes;
9. The boy even won’t have his lunch before his mother back from work.
A. will come B. came C. comes D. is coming
10. Hand in your papers when you the test.
A. are finishing B. will finish C. will have finished D. have finished
11. I’ll begin the dictation when you ready.
A. were B. will be C. are D. have been
12. Let’s get in the wheat before the sun .
A. will set B. was set C. would set D. sets
13. Don’t get off the bus until it .
A. will stop B. stopped C. has stopped D. stops
14. We will start as soon as our team leader back.
A. comes B. will come C. came D. is to come
15. If it tomorrow we’ll stay at home.
A. will rain B. were C. rained D. rains
16. —Would you care for a cup of tea?
—I mine. Thank you just the same.
A. did have B. had C. have had D. have
17. Before liberation my father only one meal a day.
A. had had B. used to have C. would have D. was having
18. When I was your age, I long hours.
A. work B. will work C. worked D. had worked
19. He used to have breakfast at nine when he alone. But nowadays he it at eight.
A. lives; had B. lived; has C. had lived; had had D. lived; is having
20. Sorry, I you so busy.
A. don’t know; are B. didn’t know; were C. did know; were D. do know; were
21. Hello! I you in Beijing. How long have you been here?
A. don’t know; were B. hadn’t known; are C. didn’t know; were D. haven’t known; are
22. James has just arrived, but I he until yesterday.
A. will know; will come B. didn’t know; was coming
C. didn’t know; had been coming D. don’t know; comes
23. —Have you ever been to Scotland?
—Yes. I there last summer.
A. were B. have been C. have gone D. went
24. It is ten years since I you last.
A. have seen B. see C. saw D. had seen
25. There is a police car in front of our neighbor’s house. What do you suppose ?
A. is happened B. has happened C. would happen D. did happen
26. Our team every match so far this year, but we still three games to play.
A. was winning; will have B. had won; had
C. has won; had D. has won; have
27. —I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
—Oh, not at all. I here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. have come C. was D. came
28. —I here three days ago.
—Where these days?
A. got; have you gone B. have got; have you gone
C. got; have you been D. had got; have you been.
29. He the army for three years.
A. has joined B. had left C. returned to D. has been in
30. I haven’t seen you for quite a long time. What you lately?
A. did; do B. were; doing C. have; been doing D. had; done
31. When I got to the railway station, the train already .
A. has; left B. did; leave C. had left D. would; leave
32. When I got to the cinema, the film for half an hour.
A. had started B. has finished C. had been on D. ended
33. —How many new words you by the end of last term?
—About 2000.
A. did; learned B. had; learned C. have; learned D. would; learn
34. By the time he was twelve, Edison to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
35. By this time tomorrow we the work.
A. have finished B. shall have finished C. will finish D. are to finish
36. —Will he finish the work soon?
—Yes, he it by next Monday.
A. will have finished B. finishes C. is to finish D. has finished
37. After driving for 40 miles, the driver suddenly realized he in the wrong direction.
A. drove B. was driving C. had been driving D. has driven
38. When she graduates from this school next month, she here for six years.
A. will have studied B. studied C. will be studying D. has been studying
39. On his next birthday he married for ten years.
A. has got B. will be C. will have been D. will have got
40. he said that he able to see me when he that letter.
A. will be; wore B. was; has written
C. would be; had written D. would be; would have written
41. Tom into the house when no one .
A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked
C. slipped; had looked D. was slipped; looked
42. —Come in, Peter. I want to show you something.
—Oh, how nice of you. I you to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; were going D. hadn’t thought; were going
43. When I was at college I three foreign languages, but I all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten
44. When Jack arrived he learned Mary for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
45. The students busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she in the office.
A. has written; left B. were writing; has left
C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left
46. My dictionary . I have looked for it every where but still it.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
47. —How long each other before they married?
—For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
48. —Do you know our town at all?
—No, this is the first time I here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. was coming
49. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he office soon.
A. leave B. would leave C. left D. had left
50. I don’t really work here. I until the new secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out
51. —Nancy is not coming tonight.
—But she !
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
52. Shirley a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
53. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
—I am tired. I the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
54. The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
55. —Hey, look where you are going!
—Oh, I’m terribly sorry
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
56. —You’re drinking too much.
—Only at home. No one me but you.
A. is seeing B. had seen C. sees D. saw
57. —You’ve left the light on.
—Oh, so I have. And turn it off
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going
58. —How are you today?
—Oh, I as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
59. The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
60. —Is this raincoat yours?
—No, mine there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung
经典习题（40页）
1. I don’t know if the teacher us in the party next week.
A. joins B. has joined C. will join D. is joining
2. They have just decided that they up the job.
A. take B. have taken C. took D. won’t take
3. I my key and can’t enter the house.
A. lost B. had lost C. have lost D. lose
4. I two tickets for the football match. Would you like to go with me?
A. got B. have got C. had got D. get
5. Your parents for you everywhere. Go back quickly!
A. looked B. are looking C. look D. have looked
6. The couple each other since their school days.
A. have know B. has known C. knows D. know
7. — that letter?
—Yes. I it when I tidied the drawer.
A. Did you find, have found B. Did you find, has found
C. Have you found, found D. Have you found, have found
8. The police found the house and a lot of things .
A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolen
C. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen
9. Mary told me that she to the supermarket before coming home.
A. went B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
10. Don’t worry. This isn’t the last test. These another one in two weeks.
A. will be going to B. will be C. is D. has been
11.The plane is on the point of taking off. This sentence means the plane____.
A. is about to taking off B. is going to taking off
C. is about take off D. shall take off
12. When I arrived home he _______ for almost one hour.
A. had left B. left C. had been away D. was away
13. — Did you wait for very long.
---- yes . I ____ to bed until five in the morning.
A. did go B. didn’t go C. had not gone D. went
14. my father ______to Beijing on business since 1984.
A. often goes B. has often been C. often went D. is often going
15.—what is happening in the new area?
----new houses ____recently over there.
A. are built B. build c have built D. have been built
16.----I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. How long ?
-----I _____ here for you since noon.
A. waited B. have been waiting C. had waited D. had been waiting
17. How many years ago ____ in the town?
A. did you live B. have you lived C. had you lived D. do you live
18.Her mother has been sick ______ in last Monday.
A. for B. since C. x D. during
19. --- Is Nancy living here?
--- yes, she _____ here in the past four weeks .
A. lived B. lives C. is living D. has been living
20.--- Did you see Bob this morning?
--- Yes, at nine he ______TV at home .
A. has watched B. had watched C. was watching D. had been watching
21.—Are Alice and Tom still living in New York ?
A. No ,they _____ Dallas. B. had just moved C. have just moved D. will just moved
22.London ______ an important city for centuries . and it _______ important .
A. are just moved B. was, will be C. is , is D. has been , was
23. --- Do you know Mr. Zhou ?
--- A. Yes, I ______ for a long time.
A. know B. is knowing C. have known D. knew
24. When we met them in the street , they ____ to the film .
A. were going B. had gone C. would go D went
25.I ________ all the work to be completed as soon as I _______ .
A. shall expect ,return B. expect , have returned
C. expect , shall return D. have expected , have returned
26. The dog _______ her on the leg when she ______ it.
A. was biting , was catching B. bit , caught
C. bit , was catching D. had bit , had caught
27. The hardworking student _______ a good rest ever since the month before last .
A. had not had B. has not had C. did not have D. does not have
28. He wondered whether I ______ the birthday party the next day.
A. will B. attended C. had attended D. would attend
29. She decided to take a second course since she _____ the first one.
A. has completed B. is completing C. had completed D. will complete
30. I’m afraid it will be two weeks ______.
A. when I come back B. when I’ll come back
C. before I come back D. before I’ll come back
31. She is very cold to me. She told me her name after I ______ her twice.
A. ask B. have asked C. asked D. had asked
32. I ______ go on the trip, when it began to rain.
A. was to B. was going to C. would D. was about to
33. –Where is John?
--He ______ to town for two hours.
A. has gone B. went C. has been away D. was away
34. Please don’t bring me some books next time you ______.
A. will come B. come C. are come D. is coming
35. The doctor ______ on the patient presently; he has not yet pre0ared himself for the operation.
A. is operating B. will operate C. has operated D. has been operating
36. Joe ______, but when she saw me she ______.
A. was dancing, stopped B. danced, stopped
C. had danced, was stopping D. had danced, stopped
37. Everybody knew that the football games ______ if there ______ such a terrible rain storm once more.
A. would stop, would be B. would stop, had been
C. would stop, was D. would have stopped, was
38. We were all surprised when be made it clear that he ______ office soon.
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
39. Mary ______ to see you. She ______ for you downstairs at the moment.
A. has come, is waiting B. came, is waiting
C. has come, waited D. came, was waiting
40. You ______ many peasant children on the threshing ground whenever a film ______.
A. see, shows B. will see, is showing C. have seen, is shown D. are seeing, shows
41. –The possibility of a flood was just reported over the radio.
--Yes, I heard about it. The river ______ the top of its bank.
A. reached B. was reaching C. had reached D. has reached
42. I ______ a glass while I ______ the dinner yesterday.
A. has broken, was cooking B. was breaking, cooked
C. had broken, was cooking D. broke, was cooking
43. I ______ him for the first time in 1988, so in 1998, I ______ him for ten years.
A. met, knew B. met, had known C. was meeting, know D. would met, had known
44. He looked rather pale, for he ______ ill for a week.
A. was B. has been C. would be D. had been
45. When Mother got home, I was pretty fed up, because I ______ since eight o’clock.
A. had been waiting B. waited C. was waiting D. had waited
46. By six o’clock yesterday morning I ______ here for twelve hours.
A. worked B. was working C. had worked D. would worked
47. The ten-year-old girl ______ the piano from the age of five, so she ______ it for five years.
A. had studied, had studied B. studied, had studied
C. studied, studied D. had studied, studied
48. That dinner was the most expensive meal we ______.
A. would have B. had C. had ever had D. have ever had
49. –Let’s hurry. The film will begin soon.
--Oh, yes, but I ______ afraid that it ______.
A. was, already began B. was, had already begun
C. am, already began D. am, has already begun
50. Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I ______ in public.
A. will speak B. speak C. spoke D. have spoken
51. –We should have walked to the station; it was not so far.
--Yes, a taxi _______ necessary al all.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be
52. You are late again. What ______ to you this time?
A. happened B. was happening C. has happened D. is happening
53. Mrs. Smith ______ busily when I went back for the bag I _______ in the office.
A. was typing, have left B. had typed, left
C. was typing, had left D. had typed, had left
54. –Have you decided already?
--Yes, I ______ at once.
A. decided B. have decided C. will decide D. decide
55. “you haven’t met Mr. Warner yet.” I ______ you ______ last week.
A. think, did B. think, do C. thought, did D. thought, do
56. The population in China ______ to one and a half billion by the year 2000.
A. will increase B. will be increased
C. will have increased D. will have been increased
57. – Are you better now?
-- No, it’s so bad. But I’m very glad that you have often helped me since I ______ ill.
A. have been B. was C. is D. had been
58. Can I go out for a walk when I ______ my homework?
A. do B. did C. will do D. have done
59. I recognized him at once, for I ______ somewhere.
A. have seen B. had seen C. saw D. would see
60. I enjoy Lu Xun’s works, so I ______ three of his books.
A. have been reading B. am reading C. read D. have read
61. –Did you meet Ann here at the university?
--Yes, we ______ when I started college.
A. have already met B. had already met C. would meet D. met
62. It ______ and the street was still wet.
A. had been raining B. was raining C. had rained D. all the above
63. I ______ for three hours when he called.
A. was working B. worked C. would work D. had been working
64. –Did you go to Dalian for the vacation?
--No, I ______ to, but I got sick.
A. planned B. have planned C. would plan D. had planned
65. I haven’t heard form him _______.
A. since two weeks before B. for two weeks
C. for two weeks ago D. since two weeks
66. If they ______ as I ______ them, they would complete it in time.
A. did, told B. did, had told C. had done, had told D. had done, told
67. The situation there was much worse than he______.
A. expected B. had expected C. has expected D. would expected
68. They won’t believe until they ______ it by themselves.
A. will see B. saw C. have seen D. will have seen
69. It ______ yesterday after it ______ dry for many months.
A. rained, had been B. was raining, was C. was raining, has been D. rained, has been
70. The foreigners praised the workers for what they ______.
A. had done B. had been doing C. was dong D. all the above
71. –Have you graduated from college?
--Yes, I ______ there for four years.
A. study B. studied C. have studied D. had studied
72. Hello! Glad to meet you here. I ______ you ______ in London too.
A. don’t know, were B. don’t know, are C. didn’t know, were D. didn’t know, are
73. I should very much like to have gone to the party, but ______.
A. nobody had told me to B. I had not been invited
C. I was not invited D. all the above
74. The man ______ on the free way for almost an hour when he ______ he should come back.
A. was, told B. had been, was told C. had been, told D. was, was told
75. Please don’t enter the room, because it ______.
A. has been painted B. is painted C. is painting D. is being painted
76. –Why is it so noisy in the next room?
--Because the five children ______for three hours and their parents ______ the house since they got up.
A. have been up, have gone B. had got up, have left
C. have been up, have left D. have got up, have been away from
77. My dictionary ______ and I have looked for it everywhere but still ______ it.
A. has lost, don’t find B. is lost, don’t find
C. has lost , haven’t found D. is lost, haven’t found
78. That will be the second cigarette he ______ today.
A. smoked B. has smoked C. had smoked D. would smoke
79. I don’t think Tom can help you, for he ______ to the market.
A. has gone B. has been C. goes D. went
80. I was tired when you saw me yesterday afternoon because I ______.
A. had been running B. ran C. would run D. has run
练习六（39页）
1、 If I __________ where he lived I ___________ a note to him.
A. knew; would send B. had known; would have sent C. know; would send D. knew; would have sent
2、 If they _______ earlier than expected, they _______ here now.
A. had started; would be B. started; might be C. had started; would have been D. will start; might have been
3、 I didn’t know his telephone number. _______ it, I ______ then.
A. Had I known; would ring him up B. Should I know; would have rung him up
C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up
4、 Mary is ill today. If she __________, she _______ absent from school.
A. were not ill; wouldn’t be B. had been ill; wouldn’t have been
C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn’t been ill; could be
5、 Were I to do it, I _____ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
6、 I ______ him the answer _______ possible, but I was so busy then.
A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it
C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be
7、 Without your help, we _______ so much.
A. won’t achieve B. didn’t achieve C. don’t achieve D. wouldn’t have achieved
8、 You didn’t take his advice. __________ his advice, you _______ such a mistake.
A. Had you taken; wouldn’t have made B. If you had taken; would make
C. Were you to take; shouldn’t have made D. have you taken; won’t have made
9、 We wish we _______ what you did when we were at high school.
A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do
10、she wishes she _______ to the theatre last night.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going
11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ______ be tall when he grows up.
A. could B. should C. would D. were able to
12. My sister advised me that I _______ accept the invitation.
A. could B. must C. should D. might
13. He asks that he ______ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.
A. is given B. must given C. should give D. be given
14. He asked that the message ______ to Mr. Li immediately.
A. be given B. was given C. had been given D. should given
15. The officer commanded that his men ______ what they had seen in the street.
A. must report B. had reported C. would report D. report
16. Father demanded that we _______ home as soon as the school is over.
A. might return B. must re turn C. should return D. ought to return
17. He desires that Mary _______ him at once.
A. sees B. must see C. will see D. see
18. I ordered that the gate ______ as it was dark..
A. must lock B. be locked C. had been locked D. was locked
19. I propose that Mr. Johnson ______ the chairman.
A. must be B. will be C. can be D. be
20. She requested that the heavy box _______ upstairs.
A. had been carried B. be carried C. would carry D. must be carried
21. The boss requires that Smith ______ all night.
A. works B. will work C. must work D. work
22. I suggest that the sports meet _______.
A. must be put off B. be put off C. should put off D. would put off
23. The manager suggested that she ________ another day.
A. come B. came C. would come D. comes
24. I insisted that he ________ at once.
A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go
25. Li Ming insisted that he ______ anything at all.
A. hadn’t stolen B. shouldn’t steal C. doesn’t steal D. steal
26. The advice that the mercy _______ to them sounds reasonable.
A. should give B. be given C. would give D. will be given
27. The orders came that we _______ at once.
A. will start B. must start C. start D. started
28. I agreed with the plan that she _______ New York this winter.
A. would visit B. had visited C. visit D. must have visited
29. What do you think of Wang Fang’s suggestion that he ______ Mr. Li to the party?
A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite
30. The teacher gave orders that the students _______ in their papers after class.
A. would hand B. will hand C. had handed D. should hand
31. It is important that we ______ his advice on how to learn English.
A. have taken B. would take C. should take D. will take
32. It is quite natural that my coming late again _______ them very angry.
A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make
33. It was necessary that I ______ my promise.
A. must keep B. kept C. should keep D. had kept
34. It is strange that Mr. Wang ________ such silly mistakes.
A. has made B. makes C. made D. make
35. It will be better that you ______ it in a different way.
A. do B. would do C. will do D. have done
36. He acted as if he ______ everything in the world.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won’t know
37. The teacher loves her as if she _______ his own daughter.
A. were B. would be C. is D. will be
38. You looked as if you _____ very sad yesterday.
A. were B. had been C. are D. would be
39. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.
A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heard
40. They got up early in order that they ______ the first train.
A. caught B.will catch C. might catch D. shall catch
41. I am sorry that he ______ in such poor health.
A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be
42. That is a good book. You _____ it yesterday.
A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought
43. It is high time we _____ home.
A. will go B. would go C. have gone D. went
44. I’d rather that you _____ to bed.
A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone
45. If only I ______ to the lecture!
A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened
46. ------- If he _______, he _______ that food.
------- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
B. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
47. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ______ she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
48.Without electricity, human life ______ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
49. He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
50. -------- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
-------- Oh, did you? You _____ with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
经典习题
1. If I ______ ten years younger, I ______ very happy.
A. were, would be B. am, shall be C. were, shall be D. am, would be
2. ------ You can ask your brother for help.
------ He is not at home. If he _______ , I ______ .
A. is, wood B. were, would C. is, will D. were, will
3. If you _______ the doctor’s advice, you would have already recovered.
A. follow B. followed C. would follow D. had followed
4. If he had not missed the train, he ______ by then.
A. might get B. might have got C. got D. had got
5. What would you have done last night, if you ______ to write your homework?
A. hadn’t B. haven’t had C. didn’t have D. hadn’t had
6. ------ Did you catch the plane:
------ No, if I had hurried, I ______ .
A. would B. would have C. could D. did
7. Why didn’t you tell him the truth? If I ________ you, I would have.
A. were B. had been C. am D. would be
8. ------ How do you like the party?
------ Wonderful. If you had come with us, you _____ a good time.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had
9. If I _______ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper.
A. didn’t run B. shouldn’t run C. haven’t run D. hadn’t run
10. If you _____ early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon.
A. have started B. were start C. were to start D. had started
11. If you _____ to the moon one day, you would find it quite different from the earth.
A. travel B. had traveled C. should travel D. have traveled
12. What _______ yesterday if you ________ TV programme.
A. would you do, hadn’t watch B. would you have done, hadn’t watched
C. could you do, didn’t watch D. would you have done, didn’t watch
13. ----- Are you thinking about going to Dalian for the vacation?
----- No, but if I ______ time, I _______ very glad to go there.
A. have, will be B. had had, would have been C. had, would be D. had had, would be
14. ------ My boss often made me work day and night.
------ If I _______ you, I ______ able to decide.
A. am, will give up B. had been you, would have given up
C. were, would give up D. had been you, would give up
15. If you tell me all about it, I ______ able to decide.
A. would be B. could be C. were D. shall be
16. If you ________ George, would you please tell him to ring me ?
A. saw B. were to C. have seen D. see
17. I’m sure he hasn’t sent the letter. If he _______ it, I _______ it.
A. sent, got B. sent, have got C. sent, would go D. had sent, would have got
18. ------ Sally finally got here from Chicago.
------ If she ______ earlier, we ______ her to the party then.
A. came, would take B. had come, would have taken C. comes, will take D. had known, would take
19. I don’t know whether to take the medicine at once. If I ______, I _______ it.
A. knew, would take B. had known, would have taken C. knew, would have taken D. had known, would take
20. ------ Did you need any help with your mathes last night?
------ No. If I ______ , I ______ you.
A. had, would have called B. had, would call C. had needed, would have called D. had needed, would call
21. I don’t think he’ll attend the party, and _____ he attend it what would he wear?
A. were B. had C. should D. did
22. ________ she a man, she would run for president.
A. If were B. Were C. Be D. Is
23. _______ you were coming today, I would have met you at the railway station.
A. Have I known B. I have known C. Had I known D. I had known
24. ________ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Was he leaving B. If he leaves C. Were he to leave D. If he is leaving
25. Had you driven more slowly, the accident _____ .
A. might not happen B. might not have happened C. didn’t happen D. hadn’t happened
26. ______ I see him, I shall let you know.
A. Shall B. Can C. May D. Should
27. It’s impossible that it will rain. But if it _____ we would put off the plan.
A. were to rain B. had rained C. rains D. would rain
28. I’ll never fail, but if I _______ , I’d try again.
A. were fail B. had failed C. fails D. should fail
29. It looks as if they _____ the truth, but in fact they are not.
A. are telling B. tell C. told D. were telling
30. It rained and rained, as if it _______ .
A. never stopped B. had never stopped C. never stops D. would never stop
31. It seems as if I ______ about it as soon as it happened.
A. told B. has told C. had told D. would tell
32. I’m sorry I don’t know his address. I wish I ______ it .
A. ’ve known B. ’d known C. knew D. know
33. ----- Did you leave early last night?
----- Yes, but I wish I ______ so early.
A. didn’t leave B. hadn’t left C. haven’t left D. was not leaving
34. I wish he ______ with us, but I’m sorry he isn’t coming.
A. is coming B. would come C. came D. had come
35. He insisted that nothing ______ till he arrived.
A. must be started B. ought to be started C. could be started D. should be started
36. Tom suggests that Ann _______ the house.
A. can sell B. sells C. sell D. sold
37. It’s better that he ______ it from you.
A. ’ll hear B. hears C. should hear D. heard
38. It was necessary that he ______ about what had happened.
A. be told B. was told C. should tell D. tell
39. It’s astonishing that she _______ sad at the news that it has nothing to do with her.
A. felt B. should feel C. ’ll feel D. would feel
40. It was strange that we ____ short of water in the country where it was always raining.
A. are B. be C. should be D. both B and C
41. I would buy that car, if I ______ enough money.
A. have B. had C. will have D. had had
42. Ford might have come to school in time for Professor Smith’s lecture, ________ .
A. if he got up earlier B. unless he has got up earlier C. but he got up rather late D. but he had got up so late
43. ______ their help in the past years, he would be living a hard life and might even have starved to death.
A. With B. If it were not for C. If it had not been for D. If not
44. If it had not rained yesterday, the ground ________ muddy now.
A. is not B. will not be C. would not be D. would not have beeen
45. You ______ any difficulty now, if you had made a more careful plan.
A. won’t meet with B. would not meet with C. would not have met with D. have not met with
46. He did his best in everything, ______ he would not have been what he was.
A. and B. but C. study D. have studied
47. ----- What would you wish to do if you were to be a college student again?
----- That’s very hard to say, but I wish I _________ biology when I was a college student.
A. had studied B. studied C. study D. have studied
48. ----- You should have gone to the show with us yesterday. It’s very good.
----- I wished I _____ , but I was busy with my report.
A. had B. did C. would have D. were
49. Mr. Johnson said angrily, “Don’t order me about, as if I _____ your wife. I’m not. We are both the boss’s men.”
A. were B. am C. would be D. had been
50. ______ the thick fence, he would have been more fearful.
A. But for B. Without C. If it were not for D. both A and B
51. He talked as if he _____ to Beijing, but I knew he hadn’t.
A. went B. were C. had been D. would have been
52. ------ would you have told him the answer, if possible?
------ Yes, I would have, but I ______ very busy.
A. had been B. were C. was D. would be
53. If he ______ in England, what language could he probably speak now?
A. were born B. had been born C. would have been born D. was born
54. If we ____ Steven’s advice, we would not be lost in the forest.
A. took B. had taken C. have taken D. would take
55. If the government had built more houses for the homeless people after the earthquake, the housing problems now in some parts of the city ______ so serious now.
A. wouldn’t be B. will not have been C. wouldn’t have been D. would have not been
56. What a heavy rain it is! If we _______ the rain coat, we wouldn’t _______ in the rain.
A. had put on, be walking B. put on, walk
C. put on, be walking D. should put on, walk
57. ---- Why is the window broken?
---- If I _______ care, it ______ .
A. took, wouldn’t happen B. had taken, wouldn’t have happened
C. took, wouldn’t have happened D. had taken, wouldn’t happen
58. ----- Do you think the thief entered through the side door?
----- No, if he had, he ______ the living room window.
A. would break B. would have broken C. wouldn’t break D. wouldn’t have broken
59. I ___ one of Tom’s paintings, but if I had, he would have given it to me.
A. wanted B. want C. didn’t want D. don’t want
60. I’ve forgotten his telephone number. If I ________ it down, I _____ you now.
A. put, would have told B. put, would tell
C. had put, would have told D. had put, would tell
61. It is strange that she _____ marry such an ugly man.
A. would B. should C. shall D. must
62. It’s not right that the meeting _______ off till tomorrow.
A. must be put B. must put C. will be put D. be put
63. It was impossible that he _____ the train, for he had started out very early.
A. could have missed B. must have missed C. should have missed D. should miss
64. It’s a pity that he _______ such a good chance.
A. should miss B. should have missed C. has missed D. all the above
65. He tried to find some excuse for the debt, but I insisted that he ______ it off at once.
A. must pay B. ought to pay C. paid D. pay
66. Mr. Ford insisted that he ________ right, though the others didn’t think so.
A. should do B. should have done C. had done D. did
67. His pale face suggested that he ______ the sad news.
A. should be told B. should have been told C. was told D. had been told
68. He suggested that we _______ here at once.
A. should leave B. must leave C. left D. ought to leave
69. My order is that everyone _______ their own work in time.
A. must complete B. completed C. completes D. complete
70. We’ve made the decision that we _______ at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.
A. will gather B. are about to gather C. would gather D. should gather
71. ----- I’ll be waiting for you at home.
----- _______ I were busy and couldn’t come?
A. What if B. What when C. How if D. How when
72. After he was praised for what he had done, he said, “I ______ even better under harder conditions.”
A. would do B. would have done C. did D. had done
73. It has been raining for a day, but even though it _____ , we ______ there by tomorrow.
A. hadn’t rained, couldn’t get B. hadn’t rained, can’t get C. didn’t rain, couldn’t get D. didn’t rain, can’t get
74. We could not have succeeded ______ your help.
A. but for B. without C. if it had not been for D. all the above
75. I dare say he is not your true friend, because a true friend ______ differently when you were in trouble.
A. acted B. had acted C. would act D. would have acted
76. Remember, science requires your whole life, and even if you ______ two lives, they ______ enough.
A. have, is B. have, isn’t C. had, would be D. had , wouldn’t be
77. It was a hard work, but divided into groups, we ______ it easily.
A. might completed B. might have completed C. completed D. had completed
78. If only I _______ his advice, but I’m sorry I didn’t.
A. would not take B. would not have taken C. didn’t take D. hadn’t taken
79. ------- Do you want the door to be painted green?
------- I would rather it ______ blue.
A. would be painted B. is painted C. will be painted D. was painted
80. It’s time we ______ to the concert.
A. went B. go C. will go D. should go
答案：
(P30-33)
1 2B 3 B 4A 5B 6B 7B 8D 9C 10D 11C 12D 13C 14A 15D 16C 17B 18C 19B 20B
21C 22B 23D 24C 25B 26D 27A 28C 29D 30C 31C 32C 33B 34C 35B 36A 37C 38A 39C 40D
41A 42B 43B 44D 45D 46D 47D 48B 49B 50C 51B 52D 53C 54C 55B 56C 57A 58D 59A 60A
(P40-44)
1C 2D 3C 4B 5B 6A 7C 8D 9B 10B 11C 12C 13B 14B 15D 16B 17A 18B 19D 20C
21C 22A 23C 24A 25B 26B 27B 28D 29C 30C 31D 32D 33C 34B 35B 36A 37C 38B 39A 40B
41D 42D 43B 44D 45A 46C 47B 48C 49B 50D 51A 52A 53C 54A 55C 56C 57A 58D 59B 60D
61D 62D 63D 64D 65B 66B 67B 68C 69A 70D 71B 72C 73D 74B 75D 76A 77D 78B 79A 80A
(P39-41练习六)
1B 2A 3D 4A 5B 6C 7D 8A 9B 10C 11C 12C 13D 14A 15D 16C 17D 18B 19D 20B
21D 22B 23A 24B 25A 26B 27C 28C 29D 30D 31C 32D 33C 34D 35A 36A 37A 38B 39A 40C
41D 42C 43D 44A 45B 46B 47D 48D 49A 50A
(P85-89)
1A 2B 3D 4B 5D 6B 7B 8D 9D 10C 11C 12B 13C 14B 15D 16D 17D 18B 19A 20C
21C 22B 23C 24C 25B 26D 27A 28D 29D 30D 31C 32C 33B 34B 35D 36C 37C 38A 39B 40D
41B 42C 43C 44C 45B 46C 47A 48A 49A 50D 51C 52C 53B 54B 55A 56A 57B 58D 59C 60D
61B 62D 63C 64D 65D 66C 67D 68A 69D 70D 71A 72B 73B 74D 75D 76D 77B 78B 79C 80D
！
LESSoN TEN (B)
TEXT B
Solving problems Scientifically
There are scientific ways in which man solves problems. once his curiosity has
been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge and
greater understanding. Although the methods are not always the same, there are usually
certain elements in the procedures that are similar.
Recognizing the problem
problems must first of all be recognized. The right answers can be obtained only
if the right questions are asked. A thoroughly understood problem is well started
toward solution. problems arise in a variety of ways. Sometimes they grow out of a
chance(无意，偶然) observation. They may result from reading, from laboratory
experiments, or simply from thinking. They also may result from new developments or
from new or different human needs. Today, for example, problems are arising from new
discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics, biological engineering, and
microelectronics. The development of industry has also brought about (导致，引起)large
numbers of problems which have to be solved.
Collecting Information
Next, the scientist tries to learn as much as possible about it. often this
means going to the library and studying books which contain accounts of mans experience
and knowledge of the problem. This is called searching the literature.
The scientist may find that others have already solved all or a part of the
problem. occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions, which give clues
for solving the new one. In his search the scientist accumulates much background
information. With these new ideas and facts he builds a firm foundation for solving the
problem.
organizing the Information
After the scientist has finished this part of his work he will probably take the
many facts which he has collected and organize them into some kind of system. This may
be a logical classification or it may be a mathematical analysis. Usually the analysis
will show unanswered questions. Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of
further study. perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis is that it
indicates certain truths, which generally are called inferences.
Making a Hypothesis
In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis. A hypothesis is
only a best guess. It must next be tested.
If it is correct, then certain things should follow. This means if a particular
experiment is carried out, certain observations ought to be possible or it should be
possible to make certain predictions.
(If)Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected, the
scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. If, however,
observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable, then the hypothesis will
probably be given up or at least modified.
The Experiment
The hypothesis must check with(agree with) the facts. Scientific facts are
usually established by work in the laboratory. Experiments have to be made under
carefully controlled conditions. Thorough and accurate records must be kept.
In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used. A variable
is something which has different values under different conditions. In one type of
laboratory test all the variables but one are controlled. This method of testing is
called controlled experimentation.
Up-to-date information;
Word-to-word translation;
Araise----arise
Raise---rise
You need to accumulate the experience.
Background----family background
Social background;
Working experience
You laid a firm\solid foundation for your exam.
Solution
Arise
Step
Get---gain---obtain
Biology
Engineer
Microscope-----telescope
Microwave
Cultural background
Logic ----- logical ----illogical
Mathematics-----math
Analyze
Show
Indication
Infer from-----inferable
predict----prediction---predictor
forecast
confident----self-confidence
revise
modification
exact---inexact
precise
vary----various
experiment----test
all kinds of ----all sorts of
be in line with ----- be out of line with
LESSoN ELEVEN
TEXT A
Useless
Get rid of \ be rid of sb.\sth.
He is so boring, I am glad to be rid of him.
Man-made\ hand-made
Childhood\motherhood
Advertising
Buyer-seller
Have you found a buyer for your house?
Baseball
Wherever= no matter where
Ever-green \ ever-lasting
Replicate-----replication
Stuff sth. With sth.
please stuff the pillow with the cotton.
Throw----threw----thrown
Throw away
Extra pay for extra work
Save sb. From sth.
The cop saved the boy form the fire.
Save the situation
Save sb’s face
Savings account
originality ------ creativity
original sin
originator
Computerize-----
Remnants of a meal
The era of miniskirt
We are living in the computer era.
What’s your hobby?
on \ at the weekend
It’s really a good bargain.
A bad bargain
Bargain hunter
Hunt ----- hunting ----- hunter
I am a job hunter.
I am on a job hunting .
Fabulous wealth
Fabulous performance
paint---- wet paint
Sketch ----- painting ----- drawing
Merciful --- mercifully---- merciless
Mercy killing ---- euthanasia
God bless you.
Blessing
Be reluctant to do sth.= be unwilling to do
Reluctance
I am reluctant to attend your cocktail party.
Enthusiastic
What have you been doing recently?
You are bound to be successful.
Sort sth. out
I will sort through a pile of old pictures.
She set out at daybreak.
put sb. Up
We can put you up for the night.
put up with sb.
I can’t put up with you anymore.
Be tired of sth.
I am tired of teaching.
I am fed up with teaching.
Come across
Encounter
Meet with
Face to face = toe to toe
LESSoN ELEVEN
TEXT A
The Great American Garage Sale
Not long ago, Charles Erickson and his family decided to do some spring
housecleaning. __ (Sort) through their possessions, they came up with some 1,500 old,
__ (want) items -- all sorts of things (they wanted to get rid of). The Ericksons
decided to do what a lot of other Americans are doing these days--have a garage sale.
They posted homemade signs throughout the neighborhood, ran an advertisement in the
local newspaper, then set out the unwanted objects on the front yard of their home in
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and waited to see if any one would come. The Ericksons
neednt have worried. Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend,
leaving the family $442 richer.
Garage sale, yard sale, basement sale -- whatever theyre called and wherever
theyre held, Americans are having them in ever-increasing numbers.
The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful -- dishes, books, used
clothing, tools, tires, empty bottles, bicycles, furniture. A man in Atlanta, Georgia,
even sold a full-size replica of a 1931 Ford.
You wouldnt believe the stuff (people will buy), says Mrs. Jerry McNeely of
Houston, Texas, who has held two garage sales with friends. on the other hand, you
wouldnt believe some of the things (people will put out to sell).
Why would Americans want to shop by searching among someone elses cast-offs?
Rising living costs are considered by almost everyone as a reason both for
holding sales and for attending them. The seller makes a little extra money and the
buyer saves quite a lot, since garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small
part of their original cost.
But beyond that, theyre fun. Garage sales have become suburban social events,
drawing people of all ages. Neighbors enjoy meeting new people, and some families even
serve drinks and cakes. one psychologist suggests that people are fed up with the
computerization of their lives -- they may be searching for their roots. Many of the
younger buyers say they are turned off by the poor quality of modern goods and are
looking for remnants of a stronger and firmer era, when things were built to last.
Some people have made garage-sale shopping into a hobby; they spend their weekends
going from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure. Says one long-time
weekend bargain hunter, In the back of your mind you have the hope of finding some
fabulous painting stored away somewhere or something else of great value for a bargain
price.
Diana McLellan, a reporter for the Washington Star-News, wrote: The garage sale
is like the quality of mercy -- it blesseth him (that gives) and him (that takes). It
separates clothes, toys, pots, cups, forks and knives from their reluctant owners and
places them in loving new homes.
How long will all this enthusiasm continue? Says one recent seller, Some day the
people who are buying are bound to be faced with the same problem we had -- getting rid
of this stuff.
The Blacks
You need have come here.
You needn’t have given him money.
Clothes ---- clothing
Attracting
I enjoy listening to music.
My brother enjoys making friends.
The psychologist suggests that we be patient with the kids.
I have made raising dogs into a hobby.
Misunderstanding separates my friend from me.
1. Barking dogs seldom bite.
2. This is Mr. Smith speaking.
3. The part of the moon facing away from the sun appears dark.
4. The question being discussed is very important.
5. There are still many children killed.
6. The story was so boring that most children fell asleep.
7. Everyone was so happy and excited about it.
8. She was heard singing all the time.
9. I should be kept informed of the development of things.
10. I found the door locked.
11. Used in a small quantity , the drug will be very effective.
12. Walking along the street, he saw a dog barking at an old man.
13. We explored the caves, peter going first.
14. Henry rushed into the hall, his body covered with dust.
A. Being very tired , my father did not go with us.
B. Having lost all the hope for life, he killed himself.
C. The sun having set, the children started for home .
D. (Being )sure of his ability, we decided to send him to finish the task.
Seen from the top of the hill, our school looks like a beautiful garden.
When our school is seen form the top of the hill,
LESSoN TWELVE
TEXT A
Chiefly primarily
Grammatical
Super-star
Market
Sonic
Have authority to do sth.
Use---useful---useless-usable---usage
In dispute with sb.
Without dispute
Self-confidence\confident
As regards sb.\sth.
Regardless of
Editor---edit---edition---editorial
occur---occur to sb.
occupation---occupied
occupy oneself in doing sth.\with sth.=be busy doing
Alphabet=letter
Quote
Stack sth. Up
Illustration----illustrative
Literature
In the light of
Influence on sb.\sth.
Those so called friends have a bad influence on her.
Distance---distant
Forecast
Scattered
Scatter-brained
Scatter about\over
A well-bound book
Invent---inventor---inventive
Usually
Nun
Get into trouble\difficulty
Look up
Around
After
Into
Down upon
on
over
I was brought up by my grandma.
She brought up the 3 kids herself
To the best of one?ˉs ability
LESSoN TWELVE
TEXT A
How Dictionaries Are Made
It is widely believed that every word has a correct meaning, that we learn
these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians, and that dictionaries and grammars
are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage. Few people ask by what
authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say. I once got into a
dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it
up in the dictionary. The English woman said firmly, What for? I am English. I was
born and brought up in England. The way I speak is English. Such self-assurance about
ones own language is fairly common among the English. In the United States, however,
anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or
mad.
LESSoN TWELVE
TEXT A
How Dictionaries Are Made
继上一节课：
Let us see how dictionaries are made and how the editors arrive at definitions.
What follows applies only to those dictionary offices where first-hand, original
research goes on -- not those in which editors simply copy existing dictionaries. The
task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature
of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover. As the editors read, they
copy on cards every interesting or rare word, every unusual or peculiar occurrence of a
common word, a large number of common words in their ordinary uses, and also the
sentences (in which each of these words appears).
That is to say, the context of each word is collected, along with the word
itself. For a really big job of dictionary writing, such as the oxford English
Dictionary, millions of such cards are collected, and the task of editing occupies
decades. As the cards are collected, they are alphabetized and sorted. When the sorting
is completed, there will be for each word anywhere from two or three to several hundred
quotations, each on its card.
To define a word, then, the dictionary editor places before him the stack of
cards illustrating that word; each of the cards represents an actual use of the word by
a writer of some literary or historical importance. He reads the cards carefully,
discards some, re-reads the rest, and divides up the stack according to what he thinks
are the several senses of the word. Finally, he writes his definitions, following the
hard-and-fast rule (that each definition must be based on what the quotations in front
of him reveal about the meaning of the word.) The editor cannot be influenced by what
he thinks a given word ought to mean. He must work according to the cards, or not at
all.
The writing of a dictionary, therefore, is not a task of setting up authoritative
statements about the true meanings of words, but a task of recording, to the best of
ones ability, what various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate
past. If, for example, we had been writing a dictionary in 1890, or even as late as
1919, we could have said that the word broadcast means to scatter (seed, for example),
but we could not have stated that from 1921 on, the most common meaning of the word
should become to send out programs by radio or television. In choosing our words when
we speak or write, we can be guided by the historical record provided us by the
dictionary, but we cannot be bound by it, because new situations, new experiences, new
inventions, new feelings, are always forcing us to give new uses to old words. Looking
under a hood, we should ordinarily have found, five hundred years ago, a monk; today,
we find a car engine.
As long as you tell me, I will understand it.
Landlord-----landlady
Mouse
LESSoN THIRTEEN
TEXT A
单词
Insurance policy \ premium\ broker
Insurance again sth.
Agency
Estate agent
protector---protective---protectionism
Consumption -----customer
Interrupt---bother
Disturbance---disturbed
An evil tongue
Sum sth. Up
Summing-up
A large sum of money
Wonder
Miraculous
Sufficient--- enough----abundant
Adequacy
Major---minor
Majority---minority
Remind sb. of sth.
Reminder
Dangerous
possible----impossible
Injure
He was injured in the car accident.
He was wounded in the war.
I hurt\cut myself with the knife.
Finance----financier
Lose---lost---lost
Rationality
Unlucky-----lucky
Fortunate----fortune
occurrence
Complicated-----simple
Complexity
profession-----unprofessional
Ignore-----ignorant
Intelligent-----intelligence
Someway----somewhat=a little bit
Conceptual
opposite to sb.\sth.
opposition
There is a supermarket opposite the post-office.
Foundation
Efficient-----effectiveness
Efficiency
on duty----safe-guard
Bodyguard
At most ----- at least
In fact--- as a matter of fact
Look at
Handle----cope with
课文
Insurance
An insurance agent called me this morning. This particular agent wanted to
discuss my automobile coverage, but the next agent to call might be interested in my
life insurance program, my health insurance, or fire protection for my home and
furniture. The American consumer often feels constantly disturbed by insurance agents.
Many agents selling many different policies call us by phone and sometimes even come to
our door. These insurance agents are always friendly, well dressed, and eager to be of
help.
Yet few Americans really enjoy visiting with these eager, helpful men and women.
We are not happy when they call us; we are on guard when they visit our home. They are
never really our friends; at best, they are a necessary evil.
Three reasons why we are unwilling to discuss insurance can be suggested. First
of all, insurance is expensive. A young father who purchases a fairly small life
insurance policy agrees to pay a sum of $200 every year for 40 years -- a total of
$8,000. Many college students pay $800 to $1,000 per year for car insurance. In effect,
they pay as much for the insurance as they do for the car itself. Health insurance
(that __ (pay) for modern medical miracles) often costs Americans as much as $2,000
every year. Adequate insurance is expensive; it is a major item for most families.
Insurance also reminds us that we live in an __ (safe) world. We are human and we
must face the possibilities of illness, injury, death, and financial loss. our rational
minds recognize the many unfortunate events (that can occur), but in our hearts we hope
that we might be spared. Serious injury or death is not a pleasant subject to discuss
or even consider. We are afraid; we would rather talk about football or the weather or
what we had for lunch.
Finally, insurance is a difficult, complex subject. No one understands it
completely and only a few insurance professionals really feel comfortable in a
discussion of automobile, life, and major medical coverages. We feel inadequate and try
to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insurance.
Yet these three reasons (for not discussing insurance) provide three excellent
reasons (why we should learn more about it). Insurance is expensive. In a lifetime,
many of us spend as much on insurance as we do on the purchase of a home. If we are to
spend our money intelligently, we need information about the products and services
available. We dont depend entirely on salespeople when we buy a car, a house, or a suit
of clothes. Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance. We
need a basic knowledge of insurance coverages if we are to be intelligent consumers.
The intelligent consumer looks problems in the face. Although accident, illness,
and death are not pleasant subjects, each of us knows we face these possibilities. It
is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them than to
just hope that they will somehow go away.
Although insurance can be complex, its basic concepts are neither difficult nor
impossible to learn. Quite the opposite. Insurance fundamentals can be understood by
those willing to study them. Serious study provides knowledge. The study of insurance
is an effective, proven method of dealing with the insurance ignorance faced by many
American families.
Frankly speaking,
Generally speaking,
Frankness
This lesson is boring.
I am bored by the lesson.
Honest---honesty
An honest boy.
Impression---impressive
Collect---collection---collective
Golf---go golfing
Mistake---mislead---misunderstanding
frictional
Conflict---dispute
Force sb. To do sth.
Compel--- drive--- execute--- oblige
Internet---international
Interaction
Behave---behaviorism---behaviorist
principle---norm
Accept---acceptation
Receive
Blunt---boorish---cheeky
Interrupt---trouble
Smoke---smoking
passive smoking
Cell phone
Mobile phone
Use—useful ---useless---used---user---usage
Lung cancer
Adult--- grown-up
CD player
Vow ----curse
Cold---impersonal---unconcerned
Child---kid
Sonny
Employer---employee---employ---employment---unemployment
Individualism
It’s kind of you to help me.
As well as
For example
owing to --- due to
The film had been on for half an hour, when I arrived at the cinema.
My grandpa has been dead for 5 years.
Be aware of
Be aware that
Mind doing sth.
Do you mind me smoking?
physical health
He always refuses to take other’s advice.
Colleague---workmate
Advantage
Crimes of violence
Violent
Do violence to sth.
It would do violence to his principle to eat meat.
Expose---expose a reel of film
Be exposed to
Everlasting ---- last
Allocation
Significance
Every
Considering prep.
Adoption
Adapt to
Completely
Differentiate
Tell A from B
Imagination
Truth
Basic--- potential
purpose
Subtle
Immoral
Recover
Imitation
Imagine---imagination mine---my
Express---expression
EMS---Express Mail Service
In jeopardy=in danger
Interpretion---interpreter
Translate---translation
Ridiculous----mad
Crazy about
He is crazy about rock and roll.
Nuclear weapon
Arms
Initiation---initiator---initiative
The initiative
Restriction
Describe
Critic
Implication --- imply
Fascinate---fascinating
Fascinated
Dramatic---dramatically
play---opera
Guilt---guilty
Innocence---innocent
Commerce
To have influence on
Tell A from B
A piece of evidence
Exposure of the body to strong sunlight maybe harmful.
A good command of English is greatly due to much exposure to that language.
point to
point at
point out
I will have finished the whole book by the end of this term.
We got up early to arrive at the school on time.
I came in the room only to find no body there.
被动语态：句子的主语是谓语动作的接受者。
例句：
1. Lei Feng is respected by us all.
2. The glass was broken yesterday.
3. I’ve been given some advice.
4. Tom will be sent to college.
5. The work had been finished by then.
6. I was told that he would be given some money.
主动语态：句子的主语是谓语动作的发出者。
例句：
1. He goes to school by bus.
2. Li Hong is doing her homework now.
3. She’s giving me some advice.
4. My mother took me to a hospital.
5. They’ll come back soon.
6. By the end of last term we had learned 500 words.
7. He said he would come here the next week.
被动语态常用的时态有：
1. 一般现在时：Garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small part of
their original cost.
2. 一般将来时：The young driver will be stopped by the policeman if he drives
that way.
3. 一般过去时：Not a word was heard from him since he left home.
4. 现在完成时：This dish has been prepared by the chief cook.
5. 将来完成时：The whole book will have been finished by the end of this
term.
6. 过去完成时：He told me that the tree in front of our building had been
stricken by lightning.
7. 现在进行时：This novel is being retranslated.
8. 过去进行时：A new stadium was being built when we got there last year.
被动语态没有将来进行时和三种完成进行时，因为be, being, been这三个词任何两个都不能同时
使用。
特殊的被动语态结构：
l 情态动词+do→情态动词+be done
Eg:
1. The work must be finished today.
2. She should be praised for her work.
3. Everything that can be done must be done.
l Have to do→have to be done
Eg:
1. Mary’s mother had to be operated on.
2. The meeting has to be put off.
l Use to→used to be done
Eg: The plan used to be forgotten.
Be going to = be going to be done
1. The plan is going to be carried out.
2. The project is going to be completed next month.
l 要求双宾语的动词的间接宾语常作被动结构中的主语，而直接宾语作保留宾语；当直接宾语作
主语时，原间接宾语作为保留宾语常放在介词to之后（但make, buy的要使用for）。
Eg:
1. We are offered a good job.
2. A good job is offered to us.
3. Lots of money was given to him.
4. A library with 5000 books is offered to the nation as a gift.
5. A new book was bought for me.
6. A pair of shoes was made for him.
They jumped up with the joy to hear the good the news
Kill --- kill time --- time killer--- pain killer
Murderer
West --- in the west
Western country
Surprising--- astonishing
Alarm ---- alarm clock
Surgery---surgeon
Technology
Advanced --- in advance
不定式：
ü动词不定式在句子中可做主语，表语，宾语，状语，宾语补足语和主语补足语。
主语：It is good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of
television that their preschool child watches.
表语：My only wish now is to have a good sleep.
宾语：Most single parents find it hard to take care of a family alone
定语：You will find something to interest you there.
状语：In memorizing a number, you might try to associtate it with familiar numbers
or events.
宾语补足语：It makes the digestive juices flow more freely.
主语补足语：The house is known to have been built by a British-man 70 years ago.
形容词的比较级和最高级的构成法：
ü一般情况：加-er, -est
Eg: small→smaller→smallest;
Tall→taller→tallest.
ü以-e结尾：加-r, -st
Eg: large→larger→largest;
nice→nicer→nicest
ü以“辅音字母+y”结尾：改y为I, 再加-er, -est
Eg: easy→easier→easiest;
Dirty→dirtier→dirtiest
ü重读闭音节且以一个辅音字母表示一个辅音：双写该辅音字母后再加-er, -est
Eg: fat→fatter→fattest;
Thin→thinner→thinnest
ü以-ow, -er为结尾：加-er, -est
Eg: narrow→narrower→narrowest;
Clever→cleverer→cleverest
ü以-le为结尾：加-r, -st
Eg: simple→simpler→simplest
ü其他结尾：加-er, -est
Eg: common→commoner→commonest;
Quiet→quieter→quietest
ü在形容词原级前加more, most：
Eg: beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful;
Important→more important→most important
副词的比较级和最高级的构成法：
ü大多数副词在原级之前加more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。
Eg: warmly→more warmly→most warmly;
Quickly→more quickly→most quickly
ü少数单音节的副词，加-er和-est构成其比较级和最高级。
Eg: slow→slower→slowest;
Fast→faster→fastest;
early→earlier→earliest
几个形容词和副词的特殊比较级和最高级形式：
1. good, well→better→best
2. bad, ill, badly→worse→worst
3. many, much→more→most
4. little→less→least
5. far→father; further→farthest; furthest
6. old→older; elder→oldest; eldest
Enable to do sth.
Beneficial--- by/from
Criticize
Shortcomings
Human Resources
prevent--- prevent from
Device--- facility
Recovery
Know-how
Expert
Emphasis---imphases
Be lack of = short of
Factor--- element---ingredient
Relation
Connect
Enough---adequate---abundant ----sufficient
Sufficiency
Rely on\upon=depend on\upon
Diet--- on diet
Fat
Happen ---occur
Take the place of
The new CD player takes the place of the old one.
Get benefit from
Result in\from
Be in charge of
Be responsible for
You should take responsibility for what you said.
You should be responsible for what you said.
Daily necessity
Criticism
objective
optimistic
pessimistic
Active
Indifferent
Subjective
Subject
object
Foresee
Homework
Assignment
IQ quotient
EQ emotion
____ (compare) with him, Tom is quite a good husband.
You compare Tom with him.
Compared with him, Tom is quite a good husband.
He is always helping others.
Forever
Atomic war is ____ (like) to destroy forever the nation that wages it.
‘Tom’ said his teacher, ‘is a tiger’
happyquhang@sohu.com
Lacking any standard for estimating the ___ (probable), we are left with the judgment
of the editorial writer.
Able ability
We have been trying to pin down by experiments __ people mean by these expressions in
specific contexts
What which that it
What do you mean?
You mean what
We compare the number (he takes when he is alone) with the number [when one or more
other children are present and are to take some sweets after him], or with the number
(he takes when told to give some sweets to another child).
we tell a subject __ (take) a few or a lot of glass balls from a box,
he will take __ (many) if the box contain a large number of glass balls than if it
has a small number.
In place of a long test we could merely ask the subject to give numerical values to
expressions such as nearly always and very rarely in a given context, and then measure
his intelligence by the ratio of the number for nearly always to the one for very
rarely.
The book reminds me of the time when I learned English from Ms. Qu.
Behaviour
Mercy killing
All roads lead to Rome.
Enlarge
Friendly
Likely
Lovely
See, view, think of,
Be regarded as
Be seen as
Be viewed
Be thought of as
Back face head body
Look … in the face
Advice about how to live a healthy life is one example of the type of received wisdom
(which is condensed and passed on to the next generation in the form of proverbs).
everyone should be allowed __ (make) a mistake without being punished for it .
to carry it through to the end is often easier than to stop halfway.
someone (who stays with you and helps you in times of trouble, rather than turning
their back), is a true friend.
If someone buys you lunch, they will expect a favour in return.
What is next puzzles us.
How
When to leave is not decided.
Useful
Useless
Korea
Soul
Limited
positive
Negative
Keep sth. in ___
Heart head mind
he would be no better served by a fitness program than by learning to play bridge.
This student has seen being physically fit as an end rather than the means (we know
it to be).
others are engaged in time-consuming activities (that until finished do not permit
opportunities for recreation).
what about the majority (who could do much more but do so little)?
____ (like) these people (who have made no commitment to fitness), you may have made
a commitment to a physical fitness program (that might be rather narrow in scope).
Unit 21
The Language of Uncertainty
Necessarily adv.必然，必定
Leaves are not necessarily green.
You don’t necessarily have to attend.
Criticize vt. 批评，批判
He was criticized for his lack of leadership.
She is always criticizing her husband for being lazy.
precise adj. 精确的，准确的
The precise sum was 48 pounds.
I have to be up early, --4 a.m. to be precise.
Denote vt. 意思是，代表
The word “family” here is used to denote the members of a household.
The sign X denotes an unknown number.
Signify vt. 表示，象征，意味
He signified his agreement with a nod.
What does her expression signify?
The clouds signified the coming storm.
Marked adj. 明显的，显著的
There is a marked difference between the two.
The patient showed a marked improvement.
Widen vt./vi. 加宽，扩大
His arguments widened my ideas.
The gap between the rich and poor regions widened.
Intelligence n. 智力,情报，消息
He works for the Central Intelligence Agency.
The dog has more intelligence than a cat.
pin down 钉住，准确说明
Mr. Jone’s leg was pinned down under the car after the accident.
He pinned a map down to the wall.
In place of代替
The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.
The vice president talked at the meeting in place of the president because the
president was sick.
Word Forms
1.____ (Uncertain) spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our
language.
2. our everyday speech __ (make) up in large part of words like probably, many, soon,
great, little.
3. Atomic war is likely __ (destroy) forever the nation that wages it.
4. __ (Lack) any standard for estimating the probability, we are left with the judgment
of the editorial writer.
5. It has a value just because it allows us ______ (express) judgments.
6.We find that the number depends on the items ______ (involve).
7. The size of the population of items influences the value __ (assign) to an
expression.
8. The older the child, __ (few) glass balls he will take.
9.The difference between “a lot” and “a few” ______ (wide) with age.
Text B
It Never Rains but It pours
Relevance n. 关联；贴切
What you say has no relevance to what we are talking about.
Wisdom n. 智慧；明智
He gained wisdom from his broad experience.
A boy of ten could have his own wisdom and doubts and goals.
Condense vt./vi. 压缩，浓缩
A long story can sometimes be condensed to a few sentences.
When vapor in the air condenses, it becomes rain.
Behave vi. 举止，表现
She is already 18 years old, but she behaves as if she were still a little girl.
Behave yourself.
Hence ad. 因此，由此
His father died, hence he succeeded to all his property.
It is handmade and hence expensive.
Enrich vt. 使富裕，使丰富
Many foreign words and phrases have enriched the English language.
This school has enriched courses for brighter students.
Regard…as把…看成，当作
The novel is regarded as one of his representative works.
The society regards parents as being responsible for the control of their children.
pass… (on) to将…交给别人
Upon his death the house was passed to his son.
She caught my cold and passed it on to her daughter.
Go wrong 失败，出错
Everything has gone wrong for him in the past few days.
Where did I go wrong in that sum.
In return (for)报答，回报
Bud gave me his knife and I gave him my ball pen in return.
How much did Johm
历年考题
proverbs are quite common in both written and __ (speak) English.2001下
Someone who stays with you and helps you in times of trouble, rather than turning his
__, is a true friend.
A. Face B. head
C. Hand D. Back
2002下
Unit 22
Current Attitudes toward physical Fitness
Misuse vt. 误用，滥用，虐待
He misuses his laborers by making them working too hard.
I notice a misuse of the word “who” in your letter.
priority n. 优先，重点，优先权
old people have priority over young people in taking seats.
Fire engines and ambulances have priority over other traffics.
Limitation n. 限制
All railroads have weight limitations.
I can only act within my limitations.
Schedule n. 时间表vt.安排
You have been three days behind the schedule.
The president is scheduled to attend the graduation ceremony.
The sports meet will begin on schedule.
Comment n.&v.评注，评论
The teacher made a brief comment on our homework.
The discovery is hardly commented by the press.
Approach vt.&n. 靠近，接近
The car was approaching the village.
You can feel the approach of autumn.
Aspect n.方面，外表，外貌
They reconsidered the plan in all its aspects.
only then can you find his humorous aspect.
Achieve vt. 完成，实现，达到
He went back home without having achieved any success.
By hardworking, we can achieve anything.
Emerge vi.出现，涌现
The moon emerged from behind the clouds.
Many facts have emerged as a result of the inquiry.
Reason for …的原因
What was the reason for him being late?
Sickness is the reason for his absence.
Word Form
1. Recently we were told by a student that __ (set) aside time for improving his
physical fitness would be a total misuse of his working hours.
2. Many people, ______ (include) college students of all ages, spend little time in
______ (pursue) of physical fitness.
3.Exercise makes me ______ (feel) terrible.
4. __ (like) these people who have made no commitment to fitness, you may have made a
commitment to a physical fitness program that might be rather narrow in scope.
5.If you see your own attitude ______ (represent) by one of these comments, might you
be shortsighted in your reason for valuing fitness?
6.What ______ (can) I achieve if I were really in top physical condition?
7.Because fitness levels __ easily __ (observe) and __ (can measure), you can quickly
start to see the emerging person you are capable of becoming.
8. All people are different and some may progress __ (fast) than others.
历年考题
1. Many people have made a ______ to a physical fitness program so as to maintain
good health.
A. Decision B. commitment
C. Contribution D. Difference
2000下
2) Many people, ____ (include) college students of all ages, spend little time in
pursuit of physical fitness. (2003 1st )
Text B
people and Colors
paint v.&n. 画，油漆
All the walls were painted blue.
Mr. Brown wanted a lot of white paint for his new house.
Relax vt.&vi. 松弛，缓和
Mother’s worried frown (皱眉) relaxed a little when she know that her son was safe
now.
You must not allow your efforts to relax.
Caution n./v.谨慎,告诫，警告
Let the experience serve you as a caution.
Cross the road with caution.
He cautioned me not to drink.
React vi.反应,作用，起反作用
He was quick to react.
Hearing the news, she reacted by getting very angry.
Generalize vt. 归纳,概括,推广
The fear of a dog may generalize to other animals and to such objects as fur coats.
A person (who __ (hold) a hand over his mouth [when he is talking]) is signaling that
he is lacking in confidence.
The book (that / which) he read
If you start wriggling in your chairs, I shall soon get the message that Im boring
you.
It starts to rain.
I remember locking the door.
Remember to lock the door.
All the signals I __ (mention) so far can be controlled.
All the signals I have mentioned so far ____ (can control).
All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled.
As yet
____ you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone elses eyes
for very long.
If Unless While Although
This _enabled_ (able) him to finish the job easily.
Being done
Done
Body language is closely tied to culture.
Consequently frequently
Significantly
Ecology
overweight
overwork
oversleep
Under ___ (poor)
Interstate highway
Exit
port
Rainforests are being cut and burned from Brazil to Indonesia at such a rate that
they could well disappear from the earths surface before the year 2050.
They are being cleared for __ (value) timber and other resources __ (speed) up the
economic __ (grow) of the nations __ they are located.
When where why what
The most recent figures show that the area of rainforest destroyed last year was
bigger than the size of Great Britain and Ireland.
plant species are not the only forms of life (threatened with ___ (extinct) in the
rainforest).
Threaten … with ….
He threatened her with a gun.
She was threatened with a gun by him.
Rare birds and animals (that ___ (can not find) anywhere else in the world) have been
disappearing at the rate of one a year since the turn of the century.
The governments in these countries are usually also too weak __ (stop) large
companies and powerful individuals from __ (destroy) the rainforests.
the valuable timber and other resources (found in the rainforests) are also a very
important source of foreign exchange
The only solution to the problem seems to be for the richer countries of the world __
(help) the countries __ the rainforests are located.
one way (they could help) would be by canceling the international debts (that
countries like Brazil owe)
they could support programs (to teach the local people <to regard the rainforests as
gardens (to be harvested)>)
第71讲 67-72讲讲义--24A课文
I heard him _sing_ (sing).
I don’t like letters _written_ (write) in pencil.
Such programs could teach the local people how __ (select__ (export)
the environment needed for the survival of the many rare species of animals and
plants, as well as of the Indian tribes that live in the rainforest, could be
preserved.
The local people could also be taught to earn more money by cutting the selected
trees and making them into furniture on the spot.
people in the richer countries of the world could also help save the rainforests by
using wood-derived products such as paper more carefully and by recycling used paper
products to help reduce the demand for newly cut wood.
The solution to this problem is
Little
Less
Lessen
第72讲 精讲班最后一
Wind is the characteristic of spring.
Women _being_ (be) the weaker and dependent sex, it is only natural that they should
cry in certain emotional situations.
It is not that American males are unable to cry because of some biological time clock
within them (which causes them to run down in that capacity as they grow older), but
that they are trained not to cry.
。 第73讲 25课讲义
Unit 25
American Men Don’t Cry
Weakness n.软弱, 弱点,嗜好
There are definite weakness in their security arrangements.
My diet would be fine if only (只要...就好) I didn’t have this weakness for sweet
things.
Disapprove vt./vi.不赞成
The survey showed that 32% of respondents (回答者) approve, 54% disapprove and the rest
are undecided.
Do you disapprove of advertisements for cigarettes?
Discourage vt.使气馁, 阻碍
The thought of how much work she had to do discouraged her.
What discourages me from going camping is all the insects!
Her parents discouraged her from applying for drama courses because they thought she’
d never get a job.
Don’t be discouraged by their attitude—you are doing very well.
Capacity n.容量, 能力
The hall has a seating capacity of 500.
She has a great capacity for hard work.
Restore vt. 恢复, 使回复
He buys old cars and restores them to their original condition.
After a week in bed, she was fully restored to health.
The government is trying to restore public confidence in its management of the economy.
Dynamic adj.有生气的,不断的
She’s young and dynamic and will be a great head of the department.
We need a dynamic expansion of trade with other countries.
Interference n.干涉, 干预,妨碍
She seems to regard any advice or help from me as interference.
The government’s interference in the strike has been widely criticized.
Damage n./vt.损害, 伤害
Recent discoveries about cheating have done serious damage to the company’s good name.
The doctors were worried that he might have suffered brain damage in the accident.
Many buildings were badly damaged during the war.
Running on hard road surfaces can damage your knee joints.
Lessen vt./vi.变小；减少,变小
The rain eventually lessened to a soft mist.
Eating properly can lessen the risk of heart disease.
Defect n. 缺点, 过失
I think that there are a lot of defects in our education system.
It’s a character defect in her that she can’t ever accept that she’s in the wrong.
Intention n.意图; 打算
It wasn’t my intention to exclude her from the list – I just forgot her.
He’s full of good intentions but he never does anything about them!
Necessity n.必要性, 必需品
You can come early and help if you want to, but there’s no necessity.
The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.
With regard to关于
I am writing to you with regard to your letter of 15 March.
With regard to the contract, the second paragraph must be changed.
Feel like想要
I don’t feel like going to the movie.
Do you feel like a swim.
Among other things此外
Among other things, we were very interested to hear what had happened to our house.
They have not been able to agree on a place to meet to discuss this question among
other things.
Text B
Stop Worrying Now!
Distress n.苦恼; 痛苦
The Red Cross is working hard to relieve the distress caused by the civil war.
She claimed that the way she had been treated at work had caused her extreme emotional
and psychological distress.
Vt.
I hope I haven’t distressed you with all these personal questions.
She was deeply distressed by her exam results.
Virtually adv.实际上, 事实上
It used to be virtually impossible to find vegetarian restaurants outside the major
cities, but it’s much easier now.
Unemployment in this part of the country is virtually nonexistent.
Label n.标示；标明；标签
The label on the bottle says not to take more than six pills a day.
Remember to put some address labels on the suitcases.
Vt.
He was busy labeling all the bottles of wine that he’d made that year.
If you spend any time in prison, you’re labeled as a criminal for the rest of your
life.
Tension n.拉紧, 压力, 张力
There is not enough tension in the wires – pull them tighter.
You could feel the tension in the room as we waited for our exam results.
Justify vt.证明...有道理；为…辩护
I hope you’re able to justify your actions.
The results of the study have certainly justified the money that was spent on it.
Fulfill vt. .履行, 完成
A school fails if it does not fulfill the needs of its pupils.
I’ll fulfill my duty to the best of my ability.
Do you think the president will be able to fulfill his promise not to raise taxes?
Resolve vt.解决；消除
We need to resolve this dispute quickly.
The couple resolved their difference and made an effort to get along.
Minimize vt.将...减到最少
We do all that we can to minimize the risk of failure.
Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to minimize the impact of the
oil spill.
Enjoyment n.享受,乐事，享受,
Knowing the ending already didn’t spoil my enjoyment of the film.
Every citizen is guaranteed the enjoyment of life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.
Hang on to紧紧抓住,紧跟(某人)
You should hang on to that painting – it might be valuable one day.
Lots of people hang on to their childhood toy cars.
Use up用完，用光
There’s no more paper after this is used up.
Don’t worry if you use up the ink. I’m going shopping tomorrow.
Give up放弃, 让[交]给
We’re going to give up our sports club membership after this year.
He gave up his seat on the bus to an old lady.
Word Form
1.American men dont cry because it ____ (consider) not characteristic of men to do so.
2.Adults must learn ____ (not cry) in situations in which it is permissible for a child
____ (cry).
3.Women ____ (be) the weaker and dependent sex, it is only natural that they should cry
in certain emotional situations.
4.It is not that American males are unable ____ (cry) , but that they ____ (train) not
to cry.
5. It is unnecessary ____ (cry) whenever one wants ____ (cry), but one should be able
____ (cry) when one ought ____ (cry) -- when one needs ____(cry).
第74讲 NEED
Need
one need cry.
one needs to cry.
Means
Get along with
Mary gets along well with her students.
Clearly it is easier, if less rewarding, to worry than to be an active, involved
person.
I can’t help laughing.
nothing but the book could make me happy.
For the present information.
Come across
Read, look it up in the dictionary
Children always associate the Spring Festival with good food / delicious food and
beautiful clothes
people believe / think that
It is believed / thought / supposed
We should develop a cultivated interest / taste for music in young people.
The problem of world peace concerns / involves
What he said / His words
Somebody offered me a chance to work in Japan.
I was offered a chance to…
When you see your parents,
Alike
It is difficult / impossible to distinguish them.
His silence showed that he was not interested in this.
She was ill, so she couldn’t attend the meeting.
Her illness
Hard work
Try to do
Manage to do
Attempt to do
He managed to open the door.
I… , but was told to be quiet.
We must love your parents.
But failed.
They survived the earthquake
Make public
His carelessness is one of the reasons that caused the accident.
Delete
ftyushy
2006-04-08 18:42:44
评论:2
阅读:1873
引用:0
无题
@2009-10-23 10:50:08
好东西，谢谢了
内容不错
@2008-04-04 16:05:33 y.
内容不错，如果能配上音频讲解那就是锦
上添花了！
上添花了！